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121.
Vulnerability of land systems to fire: Interactions among humans,climate, the atmosphere,and ecosystems 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Sandra Lavorel Mike D. Flannigan Eric F. Lambin Mary C. Scholes 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(1):33-53
Fires are critical elements in the Earth System, linking climate, humans, and vegetation. With 200–500 Mha burnt annually,
fire disturbs a greater area over a wider variety of biomes than any other natural disturbance. Fire ignition, propagation,
and impacts depend on the interactions among climate, vegetation structure, and land use on local to regional scales. Therefore,
fires and their effects on terrestrial ecosystems are highly sensitive to global change. Fires can cause dramatic changes
in the structure and functioning of ecosystems. They have significant impacts on the atmosphere and biogeochemical cycles.
By contributing significantly to greenhouse gas (e.g., with the release of 1.7–4.1 Pg of carbon per year) and aerosol emissions,
and modifying surface properties, they affect not only vegetation but also climate. Fires also modify the provision of a variety
of ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, soil fertility, grazing value, biodiversity, and tourism, and can hence
trigger land use change. Fires must therefore be included in global and regional assessments of vulnerability to global change.
Fundamental understanding of vulnerability of land systems to fire is required to advise management and policy. Assessing
regional vulnerabilities resulting from biophysical and human consequences of changed fire regimes under global change scenarios
requires an integrated approach. Here we present a generic conceptual framework for such integrated, multidisciplinary studies.
The framework is structured around three interacting (partially nested) subsystems whose contribute to vulnerability. The
first subsystem describes the controls on fire regimes (exposure). A first feedback subsystem links fire regimes to atmospheric
and climate dynamics within the Earth System (sensitivity), while the second feedback subsystem links changes in fire regimes
to changes in the provision of ecological services and to their consequences for human systems (adaptability). We then briefly
illustrate how the framework can be applied to two regional cases with contrasting ecological and human context: boreal forests
of northern America and African savannahs. 相似文献
122.
123.
Joan Iverson Nassauer Sandra E. Kosek Robert C. Corry 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2001,37(6):1439-1443
ABSTRACT: Appearances matter for managing riparian landscapes because the appearance of landscapes affects public willingness to accept plans and designs that improve ecological quality. Riparian landscape design and planning should respect and strategically incorporate characteristics that the public values and expects to see. Such design can be quite novel in its ecological effects, but it also should be sufficiently familiar in appearance to correspond with cultural values. This paper describes some influential cultural values for riparian landscapes and demonstrates how attention to such values supports public acceptance of ecologically innovative design in rural and urban watersheds. 相似文献
124.
Sandra Steiger Klaus Peschke Josef K. Müller 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(7):1053-1060
Nestmate recognition in eusocial insects has received a lot of attention in the last decades. Recognition in subsocial species,
in contrast, has been ignored almost completely and consequently, and little is known about proximate mechanisms of recognition
in subsocial systems. We studied one subsocial species, the biparental brood caring burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides, an interesting model organism for studies of recognition because of its ability to discriminate between breeding partners
and conspecific competitors. Recognition appears to be based on a chemical cue closely linked to the breeding status of individuals.
Breeding and non-breeding beetles consistently differ in their relative proportions of polyunsaturated cuticular hydrocarbons.
To investigate the function of these polyenes in the burying beetles’ recognition system, we quantified their concentration
on the cuticle during the early state of a breeding attempt and tested the response of breeding beetles in corresponding behavioural
experiments. We observed a rapid increase in the proportion of polyunsaturated hydrocarbons of both males and females after
they were provided with a carcass suitable for reproduction. Furthermore, we found that the relative amount of polyenes on
an individual’s surface was closely correlated with its chance of being accepted as breeding partner. Our results support
the idea that polyunsaturated hydrocarbons are involved in breeding partner recognition in N. vespilloides, functioning as a signal that conveys information about the individual’s breeding status. Breeding females have greater amount
of polyenes than breeding males, and females ingest more carrion during the first days on the carcass, which supports our
hypothesis that precursors for the respective polyenes are derived from ingested carrion. 相似文献
125.
Summary. To exploit biologically active compounds from white clover (Trifolium repens L.) for suppressing weeds and soil-borne diseases, either as isolated products (biopesticides) or through cultivars with
enhanced production of these compounds, the biologically active compounds must be identified, plant content measured, and
their fate in soil known. The present review summarizes the published knowledge needed for such exploitation; providing essential
information on structure and concentration of flavonols, flavones, condensed tannins, isoflavones, isoflavanones, pterocarpans,
coumestans, cyanogenic glucosides, and saponins in healthy and stressed white clover plants. Various stresses and particular
cultivars affect the concentrations of several of the compounds. Information on biological effects and the degradation/transformation
of these compounds in plants or by microorganisms is available. There is no information on the degradation pathway in soil,
the mechanisms of exudation and leaching of compounds from plants, and soil sorption properties of the compounds. The clover
soil fatigue problem is increasing in grasslands and causes problems especially in organic farming. Research efforts focused
on biological elements of clover soil fatigue have not explained it, and the influence of secondary metabolites has not been
investigated. There are few investigations into the interaction between beneficial fungi/fungal-diseases and the occurrence
of biologically active secondary metabolites in white clover plants. Such studies are critical to better understand beneficial
fungi and pathogens. 相似文献
126.
Laura Bouriaud Mariella Marzano Manfred Lexer Liviu Nichiforel Christopher Reyer Christian Temperli Heli Peltola Ché Elkin Gabriel Duduman Philip Taylor Stephen Bathgate Jose G. Borges Sandra Clerkx Jordi Garcia-Gonzalo Carlos Gracia Geerten Hengeveld Seppo Kellomäki Georgi Kostov Michael Maroschek Bart Muys Gert-Jan Nabuurs Bruce Nicoll Marc Palahí Werner Rammer Duncan Ray Mart-Jan Schelhaas Louise Sing Margarida Tomé Juergen Zell Marc Hanewinkel 《Regional Environmental Change》2015,15(8):1595-1609
127.
128.
Duarte-Guardia Sandra Peri Pablo L. Amelung Wulf Sheil Douglas Laffan Shawn W. Borchard Nils Bird Michael I. Dieleman Wouter Pepper David A. Zutta Brian Jobbagy Esteban Silva Lucas C. R. Bonser Stephen P. Berhongaray Gonzalo Piñeiro Gervasio Martinez Maria-Jose Cowie Annette L. Ladd Brenton 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2019,24(3):355-372
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - Soils hold the largest pool of organic carbon (C) on Earth; yet, soil organic carbon (SOC) reservoirs are not well represented in climate... 相似文献
129.
Together with other variables, human factors play a central role in the safety of highly complex technical systems such as nuclear power plants. However, despite the unquestionable importance of human factors, little information is available about relevant ability requirements for control room jobs in nuclear power plants. The purpose of this study was to close this gap, to provide specific information about ability requirements for such jobs, and to evaluate how several hypothesized factors (ability domain, type of job, and operating condition) contribute to ability requirements. We found that high levels of cognitive as well as social/interpersonal abilities are needed for control room jobs, and that ability requirements increase with the hierarchical job level for these two domains but decrease for psychomotor/physical abilities and for sensory/perceptual abilities. Furthermore, specifically concerning jobs with a leadership function, we found some differences between incidents and normal operations regarding requirements for social/interpersonal abilities, indicating that the former require a different leadership style than the latter. 相似文献
130.
Sandra L. Marín Laura Nahuelhual Cristian EcheverríaWilliam E. Grant 《Ecological modelling》2011,222(15):2841-2855
We describe a simulation model representing the most important human and natural factors driving land use and cover changes (LUCC) in southern Chile. We evaluate the model by examining its ability to simulate LUCC observed over the past three decades, conduct a sensitivity analysis of simulated trends to changes in important model parameters, and use the model to project likely landscape transformations over the next decade under “as usual,” “pessimistic,” and four “optimistic” scenarios. The model consists of five submodels representing LUCC on two distinct soil formations (volcanic ash and gleysols) and four major land use categories: native forest, agricultural land, shrubland, and urban land. Land use and cover sub-categories include old growth forests, secondary forests, and low and flooded shrubland. The model simulated well general historic trends in forest cover, agricultural land, shrubland, and urban land: from a forest-dominated landscape in 1976 to a landscape dominated by shrubland and agricultural land by 2007. Forest loss, forest degradation by logging and clearing for agriculture were the most important direct drivers of LUCC: forest logging and clearing were most important from 1976 to 1985, whereas after 1985 logging for firewood, driven by population growth, was most important. Sensitivity analysis indicated that model projections of general trends in the main land use and cover categories were not overly sensitive to changes in important model parameters, although further study is necessary to improve our estimates of the proportion of pasture requirements supplied by clearing low shrubland. Projections of LUCC suggested that a reduced amount of secondary forest would be left by 2017 if no actions are taken to reduce forest loss (“as usual”). Increasing population (“pessimistic scenario”) resulted in similar trajectories than those predicted by the as usual scenario, whereas reducing logging for firewood and increasing forest recruitment from shrubland could reduce loss of native forest by nearly one-third (“optimistic scenarios”). Surprisingly, shrubland exhibited the most complex and influential dynamics in all scenarios, being the immediate outcome of forest loss and the main long-term source of land for agriculture, urban expansion, and forest recovery. Few studies in Chile, or elsewhere, have considered the importance of this intermediate successional stage. Of the scenarios simulated, financial incentives targeted toward channeling shrubland into regenerated forest seemed most promising, although obstacles to such a management strategy exist. 相似文献