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31.
Peter J. Pizor Sandra M. Holler 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1987,23(5):889-896
ABSTRACT: The growing concern for public participation in water resource decision-making has invited researchers to improve and develop reliable, quick, and inexpensive techniques for measuring public preferences. It is increasingly clear that traditional participation mechanisms, though useful, are no longer sufficient in providing the level of participation desired by many. A combination of microcomputer technology with Nominal Group Process (a step-by-step process ending in ranked recommendations) offers numerous possibilities for active participatory planning. Efforts at participation occurring through a well developed and defined process cannot be successful without a sensitivity to the conceptual, methodological, and pragmatic problems involved. This paper prefaces presentation of an alternative active process technique with discussion of the theoretical basis of participatory democracy and the frustration with practical implementation procedures. 相似文献
32.
This study explored the effects of union membership versus nonmembership on role based stress (i.e. ambiguity, overload, and interrole conflict), somatic complaints, and on the relationship between role stress and somatic complaints. The data analyzed came from the 1977 Quality of Employment Survey (Quinn and Staines, 1979). Only those respondents (N = 251) who held full-time nonsupervisory jobs in manufacturing were included in our sample. On the average, relative to nonmembers, union members reported higher levels of ambiguity and interrole conflict, but similar levels of overload and of somatic complaints. Union membership moderated the relationship between overload and somatic complaints. For union members, higher perceived performance of the union was associated with lower perceived stress and strain. We discuss the implications of those findings for further research on the impact of unions on stress, strain, and their interrelationship. 相似文献
33.
34.
Development of a bird integrity index: using bird assemblages as indicators of riparian condition 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
We describe the development of a bird integrity index (BII) that uses bird assemblage information to assess human impacts
on 13 stream reaches in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA. We used bird survey data to test 62 candidate metrics representing
aspects of bird taxonomic richness, tolerance or intolerance to human disturbance, dietary preferences, foraging techniques,
and nesting strategies that were affected positively or negatively by human activities. We evaluated the metric responsiveness
by plotting each one against a measure of site disturbance that included aspects of land use/land cover, road density, riparian
cover, and stream channel and substrate conditions. In addition, we eliminated imprecise and highly correlated (redundant)
metrics, leaving 13 metrics for the final index. Individual metric scores ranged continuously from 0 to 10, and index scores
were weighted to range from 0 to 100. Scores were calibrated using historical species information to set expectations for
the number of species expected under minimally disturbed conditions. Site scores varied from 82 for the least disturbed stream
reach to 8.5 for an urban site. We compared the bird integrity index site scores with the performance of other measures of
biotic response developed during this study: a fish index of biointegrity (IBI) and two benthic macroinvertebrate metrics.
The three assemblages agreed on the general level of disturbance; however, individual sites scored differently depending on
specific indicator response to in-stream or riparian conditions. The bird integrity index appears to be a useful management
and monitoring tool for assessing riparian integrity and communicating the results to the public. Used together with aquatic
indicator response and watershed data, bird assemblage information contributes to a more complete picture of stream condition. 相似文献
35.
36.
Methods for collecting time/activity pattern information related to exposure to combustion products 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Focus groups, surveys and questionnaires, diaries and observations can be used to gather information about people's exposure to a wide range of combustion products. Information about locations and durations of exposure, and sources of exposure can be obtained with these instruments. The types of instruments used must be fine tuned to meet the design characteristics of the community in which the study will be conducted. 相似文献
37.
This paper presents an heuristic framework for analyzing hazards (potential for loss or harm) and strategies that may be developed to control their realization. Two basic forms of intervention for hazard control (anticipation and reaction) are identified. Three broad anticipative strategies are discussed: (1) elimination of the source of the hazard, (2) containment of the risk of its realization, and (3) mitigation of likely consequences. The communication and judgmental processes involved in decisions about strategies are shown to be embedded in the organizational “political” context, in which a variety of interests backed by varying sources of power and influence are represented. The development, implementation, and monitoring of any strategies that are decided upon are then discussed, including the fact that such actions and events may not produce the intended results. Comments are also made on the need for data provided by monitoring to be evaluated and appropriate adaptations made. Finally, a brief section of the paper discusses reactive strategies. 相似文献
38.
39.
Timothy R. H. Pearson Sandra Brown Brent Sohngen Jennifer Henman Sara Ohrel 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2014,19(8):1209-1222
There is general consensus that carbon (C) sequestration projects in forests are a relatively low cost option for mitigating climate change, but most studies on the subject have assumed that transaction costs are negligible. The objectives of the study were to examine transaction costs for forest C sequestration projects and to determine the significance of the costs based on economic analyses. Here we examine four case studies of active C sequestration projects being implemented in tropical countries and developed for the C market. The results from the case studies were then used with a dynamic forest and land use economic model to investigate how transaction costs affect the efficiency and cost of forest C projects globally. In the case studies transaction costs ranged from 0.38 to 27 million US dollars ($0.09 to $7.71/t CO2) or 0.3 to 270 % of anticipated income depending principally on the price of C and project size. The three largest cost categories were insurance (under the voluntary market; 41–89 % of total costs), monitoring (3–42 %) and regulatory approval (8–50 %). The global analysis indicated that most existing estimates of marginal costs of C sequestration are underestimated by up to 30 % because transaction costs were not included. 相似文献
40.
Joke Muys Yves Jacquemyn Bettina Blaumeiser Laura Bourlard Nathalie Brison Saskia Bulk Patrizia Chiarappa Anne De Leener Marjan De Rademaeker Julie Désir Anne Destrée Koenraad Devriendt Annelies Dheedene Armelle Duquenne Annelies Fieuw Erik Fransen Jean-Stéphane Gatot Mauricette Jamar Sandra Janssens Jorien Kerstjens Kathelijn Keymolen Damien Lederer Björn Menten Bruno Pichon Sonia Rombout Yves Sznajer Ann Van Den Bogaert Kris Van Den Bogaert Joris Vermeesch Katrien Janssens 《黑龙江环境通报》2020,40(10):1272-1283