Minimizing Harm in Agricultural Animal Experiments in New Zealand

Intrusive agricultural experimentspublished in New Zealand in the last five yearsare reviewed in terms of the degree of animalsuffering involved, and the necessity for thissuffering in relation to research findings.When measured against animal welfare criteriaof the Ministry of Agriculture, thirty-sixstudies inflicted ``severe' or ``very severe'suffering. Many of these experiments hadquestionable short-term applications, had anapplication restricted to agriculturalproduction or economic growth, or could havebeen modified to prevent or reduce suffering.     

A model of savanna litter decomposition

A model of litter decomposition in a South African savanna is described. Decomposing material is divided into a number of particle classes, distinguishing material of different ages, origins and size. Each particle class is further divided into a number of chemical constituents. Processes modelled include ageing, physical disintegration, consumption by termites and decay. Sources of fresh litter include tree and grass leaves. Results from a standard run of the model and a number of runs with changed parameter values to test the model's sensitivity to these are presented and discussed. From exercise of the model it appears that the most important processes relate to soil-feeding termites, with decay and physical breakdown being the background against which termites operate.     

Personal monitoring of air pollution exposures

In industrial hygiene and health physics the goal has been to protect the health of the individual. Therefore monitoring the exposure people actually receive has been the principal concern. In regulating public exposures to air pollution, the focus has been much different. Recently, use of personal monitors and alternative means of estimating actual exposures has expanded rapidly. The role of personal monitors in epidemiology, exposure studies, and in supplementing the existing fixed station monitoring network for establishing trends and for regulatory purposes is discussed. The implications for air quality standards in recent findings of personal and indoor exposures is considered. New developments that are needed, and those that are not needed, are outlined.