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121.
Sarah A. Collins Christene Hubbard Anne M. Houtman 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1994,35(1):21-25
Studies of female mate preference in zebra finches (Taenopygia guttata) have shown that male beak colour and song rate are important. However, the two characters are correlated. Here the effect of beak colour and song rate on female choice are examined independently. In mate choice tests involving two males, beak colour was manipulated artificially using nail varnish. The results showed that females showed a significant preference for males with a high song rate, but not with a red beak. Females did not prefer males with a red beak if song rate was low and females preferred males with orange beaks who expressed a high song rate. Female preference for males with red beaks was not found when beak and song characters were no longer correlated. 相似文献
122.
Directing Research to Reduce the Impacts of Nonindigenous Species 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
123.
Hogrefe O Schwab JJ Drewnick F Lala GG Peters S Demerjian KL Rhoads K Felton HD Rattigan OV Husain L Dutkiewicz VA 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2004,54(9):1040-1060
Several collocated semicontinuous instruments measuring particulate matter with particle sizes < or =2.5 microm (PM2.5) sulfate (SO4(2-)) and nitrate (NO3-) were intercompared during two intensive field campaigns as part of the PM2.5 Technology Assessment and Characterization Study. The summer 2001 urban campaign in Queens, NY, and the summer 2002 rural campaign in upstate New York (Whiteface Mountain) hosted an operation of an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, Ambient Particulate Sulfate and Nitrate Monitors, a Continuous Ambient Sulfate Monitor, and a Particle-Into-Liquid Sampler with Ion Chromatographs (PILS-IC). These instruments provided near real-time particulate SO4(2-) and NO3- mass concentration data, allowing the study of particulate SO4(2-)/NO3- diurnal patterns and detection of short-term events. Typical particulate SO4(2-) concentrations were comparable at both sites (ranging from 0 to 20 microg/m3), while ambient urban particulate NO3- concentrations ranged from 0 to 11 microg/m3 and rural NO3- concentration was typically less than 1 microg/m3. Results of the intercomparisons of the semicontinuous measurements are presented, as are results of the comparisons between the semicontinuous and time-integrated filter-based measurements. The comparisons at both sites, in most cases, indicated similar performance characteristics. In addition, charge balance calculations, based on major soluble ionic components of atmospheric aerosol from the PILS-IC and the filter measurements, indicated slightly acidic aerosol at both locations. 相似文献
124.
Sapozhnikova Y Zubcov N Hungerford S Roy LA Boicenco N Zubcov E Schlenk D 《Chemosphere》2005,60(2):196-205
The Dniester River is one of the largest rivers in Eastern Europe and receives input from numerous anthropogenic activities. In October 2001, fish samples (Abramis brama, Rutilus rutilus heckeli, Perca fluviatilis, Chondrostoma nasus, Carassius auratus gibelio, and Cyprinus carpio) were collected and analyzed for metals and various pesticides. Maximum total DDT pesticide concentrations were between 27.7 and 34.2 ng/g wet weight in muscles and gonads, respectively. DDE isomers comprised up to 70% of total DDT measurement in fish tissues, indicating historical rather than recent DDT pollution. Chlordane and lindane were also detected in amounts up to 37 and 76 ng/g wet weight in gonads, respectively. Among organophosphorous pesticides, malathion showed extremely high concentrations--3 microg/g wet weight in muscles and 46 microg/g wet weight in gonads, indicating recent exposure. Copper concentrations in muscles (1.8-7.2 microg/g) exceeded Threshold Effect Concentrations for copper in fish. Detection of high concentrations of malathion and copper in fish tissues indicated potential anthropogenic stress for more sensitive aquatic biota, likely from agricultural sources in the Dniester River. 相似文献
125.
Accumulation of metals,trace elements and semi-volatile organic compounds on exterior window surfaces in Baltimore 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Liu QT Diamond ML Gingrich SE Ondov JM Maciejczyk P Stern GA 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2003,122(1):51-61
Organic films have been found to develop on window surfaces [Diamond et al., Environmental Science and Technology 34 (2000a) 2900]. The film contains organic compounds that are in dynamic equilibrium with the gas-phase in air, and organic and inorganic compounds and elements associated with deposited air particles. In this study, the exterior surfaces of windows were sampled in downtown and suburban Baltimore, Maryland. Higher concentrations of PCBs, PAH, metals and trace elements were found at downtown than a suburban site. PCBs in the films at downtown sites were dominated by penta and hexa homologue groups and PAH signatures resembled that of vehicle emissions. Twenty-six metals and trace elements were separated into two groups according to their enrichment factors (EF). Ag, Hg, Se, Sb and Zn had EF > 100, suggesting anthropogenic sources of these metals in the films; whereas Fe, Ca, Co, Cr and others had EF <10, suggesting a crustal origin. An unusual profile dominated by deca- and nona- PCBs and relatively higher concentrations of Ag, Hg and Zn may be attributable to emissions from a medical waste incinerator. Dry deposition fluxes of selected metals on windows were 1.4-94 times higher on windows with than without films, indicating that the film increases the dry deposition of particles and their associated chemicals. This implies that film development, which is associated with elevated VOC and SOC emissions to urban air, will increase film development that will, in turn, increase the accumulation of other atmospherically deposited constituents such as metals. 相似文献
126.
Sarah?R.?PrykeEmail author Staffan?Andersson 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2003,53(6):393-401
In breeding plumage, the African male red-shouldered widowbirds (Euplectes axillaris) are black except for red carotenoid-based epaulets ('shoulder patches'), similar to the well-studied American red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus). To experimentally test the signal function of the red epaulets in male red-shouldered widowbirds, we manipulated epaulet colour and size (within natural variation), and observed the effects in two competitive contexts. First, in captivity, unfamiliar males with epaulets of different size or redness were staged in dyadic contests over food. Only epaulet manipulations significantly affected contest outcome; red epaulet males out-competed orange and control males, which in turn dominated blackened (no epaulet) males. Epaulet size manipulations had particularly strong effects; enlarged epaulet males vigorously defeated smaller epaulet males within colour treatments, whereas the independent effect of 'redness' (i.e., within size treatments) was much weaker. Second, in a field experiment, epaulets were manipulated prior to territory establishment. Males with enlarged epaulets acquired territories, whereas most males with blackened or reduced signals failed to obtain territories. Furthermore, among the territorial males, birds with enlarged epaulets defended larger territories and spent less time in boundary signalling, yet they received fewer intrusions from conspecifics. In contrast, epaulet manipulations had no effect on either female visitation rates or subsequent female settlement. These results concur with recent studies and suggest that the carotenoid-based epaulets of red-shouldered widowbirds are status signals, sexually selected through male contest competition for territories. 相似文献
127.
Waterbird Communities and Habitat Relationships in Coastal Pastures of Northern California 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We examined waterbird assemblages (diversity, composition, and species' densities) in 20 pastures near Humboldt Bay, California, in relation to habitat characteristics (vegetation height, soil penetrability, water depth), abundance of invertebrates (worms and other invertebrates), and presence of livestock. From October 1991 to May 1992 we observed 29 species and 10,776 birds, most (78%) of which foraged. Nonrandom pasture use by birds resulted in a highly clumped spatial distribution (s2 :{ovbar>x} ratio = 42.1). Habitat characteristics of pastures correlated with this nonrandom pattern: waterbird diversity and densities of three sandpiper species and one gull species correlated negatively ( r = −0.61 and r = −0.44 to −0.67, respectively) with vegetation height; densities of two plover species correlated negatively ( r = −0.39 and −0.45) with soil penetrability; and waterfowl densities correlated positively with water depth ( r = 0.97). Species composition varied among pastures. Wading birds used pastures with tall vegetation, shorebirds and gulls frequented short-grass pastures, and waterfowl used flooded pastures of waterbirds and their densities increased in association with livestock.In coastal areas where much intertidal habitat has been reclaimed as postureland, pastures offered valuable habitats to nonbreeding waterbirds. We suggest that grazing in coastal pastures can be used to provide a mosaic of vegetation heights, which would yield greater waterbird diversity as well as higher densities of some species. 相似文献
128.
Fetal loss through miscarriage or termination of pregnancy for genetic reasons often provokes the grief of bereavement. This is not fully understood, and the extent of the distress is often underestimated by professionals and family alike. We have examined elements of the normal bereavement process and have found that they may occur in specific and accentuated forms in mid-trimester fetal loss. We discuss our findings in the light of the attachment theory—a psychodynamic model for understanding grief reactions. 相似文献
129.
Vespine wasps have been shown to deposit an attractive chemical in the nest entrance. Foragers use this to help locate the nest when returning to it. We determined how many individuals need to track (pass through) the entrance before the chemical is recognized. We found a logistic response as the number of tracks increased. At 200 tracks and above there was a 75–90% positive response rate to the chemical. We found no evidence of trail-marking behavior performed by foragers inside the nest entrance. We conclude that the trail is not an evolved signal, but is a cue composed of an accumulation of hydrocarbons deposited from the legs or feet of workers as they walk on a substrate. This is the first quantitative measurement of the attractiveness of the nest-entrance chemical in a social wasp. 相似文献
130.
Sarah S. Tzilkowski Anthony R. Buda Elizabeth W. Boyer Ray B. Bryant Peter J.A. Kleinman Casey D. Kennedy Arthur L. Allen Gordon J. Folmar Eric B. May 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2019,55(1):228-246
Urea‐N is a component of bioavailable dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) that contributes to coastal eutrophication. In this study, we assessed urea‐N in baseflow across land cover gradients and seasons in the Manokin River Basin on the Delmarva Peninsula. From March 2010 to June 2011, we conducted monthly sampling of 11 streams (4 tidal and 7 nontidal), 2 wastewater treatment plants, an agricultural drainage ditch, and groundwater underlying a cropped field. At each site, we measured urea‐N, DON, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), NO3?‐N, and NH4+‐N. In general, urea‐N comprised between 1% and 6% of TDN, with the highest urea‐N levels in drainage ditches (0.054 mg N/L) and wetland‐dominated streams (0.035–0.045 mg N/L). While urea‐N did not vary seasonally in tidal rivers, nontidal streams saw distinct urea‐N peaks in summer (0.038 mg N/L) that occurred several months after cropland fertilization in spring. Notably, the proportion of wetlands explained 78% of the variance in baseflow urea‐N levels across the Manokin watershed. In wetland‐dominated basins, we found urea‐N was positively related to water temperature and negatively related to DOC:DON ratios, indicating short‐term urea‐N dynamics at baseflow were more likely influenced by instream and wetland‐driven processes than by recent agricultural urea‐N inputs. Findings demonstrate important controls of wetlands on baseflow urea‐N concentrations in mixed land‐use basins. 相似文献