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Different mechanisms downstream from high temperature processes lead to the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo(p) dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Independent from any concentrations, these mechanisms cause comparable PCDD/F patterns, the percentage proportion of single congeners or homologous groups related to the total of 17 2,3,7,8-Cl-substituted congeners or with respect to the sum of the homologous groups tetra to octa CDD/F. The characteristics of these so-called “combustion profiles” can help to interpret corresponding data from burning and melting facilities, such as municipal waste incinerators, coal power plants, sintering plants, metal finishing facilities, cement kilns, crematoria, hazardous waste incinerators and landfill gas burners 相似文献
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Corace RG Shartell LM Schulte LA Brininger WL McDowell MK Kashian DM 《Environmental management》2012,49(2):359-371
To facilitate forest planning and management on National Wildlife Refuges, we synthesized multiple data sources to describe
land ownership patterns, land cover, landscape pattern, and changes in forest composition for four ecoregions and their associated
refuges of the Upper Midwest. We related observed patterns to ecological processes important for forest conservation and restoration,
with specific attention to refuge patterns of importance for forest landbirds of conservation priority. The large amount of
public land within the ecoregions (31–80%) suggests that opportunities exist for coarse and meso-scale approaches to conserving
and restoring ecological processes affecting the refuges, particularly historical fire regimes. Forests dominate both ecoregions
and refuges, but refuge forest patches are generally larger and more aggregated than in associated ecoregions. Broadleaf taxa
have increased in dominance in the ecoregions and displaced fire-dependent taxa such as pine (Pinus spp.) and other coniferous species; these changes in forest composition have likely also affected refuge forests. Despite
compositional changes, larger forest patches on refuges suggests that they may provide better habitat for area-sensitive forest
landbirds of mature, compositionally diverse forests than surrounding lands if management continues to promote increased patch
size. We reason that although fine-scale research and monitoring for species of conservation priority is important, broad
scale (ecoregional) assessments provide crucial context for effective forest and wildlife management in protected areas. 相似文献
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Tobias Frische Jan Ahlers Andreas Gies Carola Kussatz Christoph Schulte Hans -Christian Stolzenberg 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2007,19(1):49-61
This contribution highlights the role and importance of ecotoxicology in regulatory decisions of chemicals legislation focussing on the responsibilities of the German Federal Environmental Agency (UBA). Therefore, organisational structures and processes relevant for making decisions concerning the risks of chemicals to men and the environment are described. As any regulatory decision starts with scientific findings, a brief overview of UBA’s activities with regard to own research and to initiate research in the area of ecotoxicology is provided. In addition, the vast importance of standardisation and international harmonisation of guidelines for testing and assessment of chemicals is illustrated, including the time- and ressource consuming character of these harmonisation processes. Subsequently, the involvement of regulatory decision making in intense and controversial scientific and political debates is emphasised. The transparency of these discussions and the independence of science is critically addressed in this context. In a final chapter the job requirements and options for qualification in Germany are described, ending up with a brief summary of the positive experiences with UBA’s contribution to the new advanced training course in ecotoxiciology realised by GDCh/SETAC GLB. A summary of the discussions on these different topics emphasises the specific challenge in regulatory ecotoxicology: To generate knowledge relevant for decision making, while acting in an area of conflict between scientific demands and economical as well as political interests. 相似文献
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John C. Tyndall Lisa A. Schulte Matthew Liebman Matthew Helmers 《Environmental management》2013,52(3):736-747
The impacts of strategically located contour prairie strips on sediment and nutrient runoff export from watersheds maintained under an annual row crop production system have been studied at a long-term research site in central Iowa. Data from 2007 to 2011 indicate that the contour prairie strips utilized within row crop-dominated landscapes have greater than proportionate and positive effects on the functioning of biophysical systems. Crop producers and land management agencies require comprehensive information about the Best Management Practices with regard to performance efficacy, operational/management parameters, and the full range of financial parameters. Here, a farm-level financial model assesses the establishment, management, and opportunity costs of contour prairie strips within cropped fields. Annualized, depending on variable opportunity costs the 15-year present value cost of utilizing contour prairie strips ranges from $590 to $865 ha?1 year?1 ($240–$350 ac?1 year?1). Expressed in the context of “treatment area” (e.g., in this study 1 ha of prairie treats 10 ha of crops), the costs of contour prairie strips can also be viewed as $59 to about $87 per treated hectare ($24–$35 ac?1). If prairie strips were under a 15-year CRP contract, total per acre cost to farmers would be reduced by over 85 %. Based on sediment, phosphorus, and nitrogen export data from the related field studies and across low, medium, and high land rent scenarios, a megagram (Mg) of soil retained within the watershed costs between $7.79 and $11.46 mg?1, phosphorus retained costs between $6.97 and $10.25 kg?1, and nitrogen retained costs between $1.59 and $2.34 kg?1. Based on overall project results, contour prairie strips may well become one of the key conservation practices used to sustain US Corn Belt agriculture in the decades to come. 相似文献