偏钒酸铵对小鼠血清和肝脏转氨酶活力的影响

为了考察偏钒酸铵对小鼠血清和肝脏转氨酶活力的影响,50只小鼠随机分为5组,对照组饮用三重蒸馏水,4个暴露组分别饮用剂量为5、10、15和20 mg·kg-1·d-1的偏钒酸铵,15 d后取血和肝脏样品,测定血清和肝脏中谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)和谷草转氨酶(aspartate ami...     

玉米根际微生物氮磷转化的功能基因组学分析

化肥减量增效是保障农业生态环境安全的重要基础.微生物是调控土壤氮磷循环的关键驱动力,研究根际微生物氮磷转化功能可以为进一步提高土壤氮磷利用率提供微生物学调控途径.基于3种典型农田土壤（黑土、潮土和红壤）的田间微区试验,利用宏基因组测序技术研究玉米根际微生物在土壤氮磷转化过程中功能基因的差异及调控因子.结果表明,根际微生物功能多样性受土壤类型影响,黑土和潮土的根际微生物功能多样性主要受含水量和养分含量的影响,红壤受全磷（TP）和速效磷（AP）影响.在土壤氮转化方面,编码氮转化过程通路中相关酶的基因丰度以脲酶基因（ureC）和葡萄糖脱氢酶基因（gdh）丰度最高,分别为7.25×10^-5~12.88×10^-5和4.47×10^-5~7.49×10^-5.同化性硝酸盐还原的功能基因在红壤中总丰度要高于黑土和潮土,其它过程相关酶的功能基因总丰度以潮土最高.编码氮代谢过程相关酶的功能基因丰度主要受土壤细菌丰富度、全钾（TK）和TP含量的驱动.在土壤磷转化方面,催化有机磷矿化的碱性磷酸酶基因（phoD）数目为1093个,酸性磷酸酶基因（PHO）数目为42个.phoD丰度高出PHO丰度2个数量级,此外,同种土壤类型下施肥对phoD和PHO丰度没有显著影响.随机森林分析表明phoD和PHO丰度均受土壤水分、有机质（OM）和全氮（TN）显著影响,但AP含量对PHO丰度影响最大.从功能基因组水平研究了玉米根际微生物的氮磷转化特征,为利用微生物功能提高农田生态系统氮磷利用率提供了科学依据.     

中国典型抗生素在环境介质中的污染特征与生态风险评价

通过收集国内各地区水体、沉积物和土壤中抗生素的最新污染数据,试图从全国尺度范围进行分析,以反映我国环境中抗生素的污染状况,并利用风险商值（RQs）评估抗生素的生态风险.结果表明,我国各地水体、沉积物和土壤均受到不同程度的抗生素污染,南方地区水体污染较为严重,而西部地区则较轻.生态风险评价结果表明,我国水体中红霉素、罗红霉素、四环素、金霉素、磺胺甲唑和诺氟沙星是高风险污染物,占比为20.9%,主要分布在山东、湖北、浙江、四川、广东、海南、江苏和江西等地;江河沉积物中,诺氟沙星是高风险污染物,占比为11.1%,主要分布在黄河、海河、辽河和珠江等地;养殖场沉积物中,四环素、土霉素、金霉素和诺氟沙星是高风险污染物,占比高达72.5%;土壤中,四环素和金霉素是高风险污染物,占比为28.6%,主要分布在辽宁、四川、天津和山东等地,以上高风险区域应引起相关部门的重视.研究结果可为我国抗生素的污染防治提供科学依据和数据支撑.     

纳米氧化锌粒径对人工湿地性能及微生物群落的影响

纳米颗粒(nanoparticles,NPs)具有较小的粒径(1～100 nm),其生物毒性与粒径的大小紧密相关.在进水COD约200. 0 mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N约12. 5 mg·L~(-1)和溶解性总磷约4. 0 mg·L~(-1)的条件下连续运行28 d,研究了3种不同粒径的纳米氧化锌(ZnO NPs)对水平潜流人工湿地微生物群落结构和多样性的影响,同时结合湿地脱氮性能的变化,探讨了湿地中微生物群落结构和多样性与其处理性能的相互关系.结果表明,3种粒径(15、50和90 nm)的ZnO NPs(10 mg·L~(-1))对COD的去除无明显差异,而对脱氮则表现出明显的粒径效应.高通量测序发现,人工湿地系统中硝化菌属的丰度明显低于反硝化菌属,硝化过程是制约湿地脱氮性能的关键因素.暴露于不同粒径的ZnO NPs后,微生物群落结构发生不同程度的变化,与较大粒径(50 nm和90 nm)的ZnO NPs相比,15 nm的ZnO NPs对硝化菌属的抑制更为显著.     

Assessment of heavy metal content,distribution, and sources in Nansi Lake sediments,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Much attention has been paid to the heavy metal contamination of lake sediments in rapidly developing regions. In this study, heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Co,...     

Characteristics of volatile compounds removal in biogas slurry of pig manure by ozone oxidation and organic solvents extraction

Biogas slurry is not suitable for liquid fertilizer due to its high amounts of volatile materials being of complicated composition and peculiar smell. In order to remove volatiles from biogas slurry efficiently, the dynamic headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to clear the composition of volatiles. Nitrogen stripping and superfluous ozone were also used to remove volatiles from biogas slurry. The results showed that there were 21 kinds of volatile compounds in the biogas slurry, including sulfur compounds, organic amines, benzene, halogen generation of hydrocarbons and alkanes, some of which had strong peculiar smell. The volatile compounds in biogas slurry can be removed with the rate of 53.0% by nitrogen stripping and with rate of 81.7% by the oxidization and stripping of the superfluous ozone. On this basis, the removal rate of the volatile compounds reached 99.2% by chloroform and n-hexane extraction, and almost all of odor was eliminated. The contents of some dissolved organic compounds decreased obviously and however main plant nutrients had no significant change in the biogas slurry after being treated.     

人工补水条件下的缺水河流生态修复综合评价方法

构建了人工补水条件下的缺水河流生态修复多目标综合评价指标体系,对生态修复中影响评价指标量化结果的因素进行了综合考虑,提出了包含主、客观因子并反映层次关系的综合权重确定方法,进而建立了一种人工补水条件下的缺水河流生态修复综合评价方法,以更好地解决多目标决策中的总目标量化问题.最后,以正在建设的永定河生态修复工程为例,通过构建典型的生态修复情景方案,对建立的评价指标体系进行应用,确定各评价指标的综合权重系数,并对构建的情景决策方案进行了综合评估,验证本文提出的评价指标权重综合调整的必要性,说明构建的人工补水条件下的缺水河流生态修复综合评价方法的合理性与可行性.结果表明,所提出的评价方法不仅对人工补水条件下的河流生态修复决策具有一定的实用价值,而且对其它类型生态修复多目标综合决策评价也具有借鉴意义.     

驻马店市区采暖季PM2.5时间和空间来源解析研究

为了明确驻马店市区PM_2.5污染特征及贡献源类,2019年1—3月在驻马店市区2个采样点采集PM_2.5样品,分析了其化学组分特征;结合PMF和后向轨迹模型构建了PM_2.5的时间和空间来源解析方法,并对该解析方法进行应用.结果表明:①采暖季,驻马店市区环境空气中ρ(PM_2.5)平均值为117 μg/m3,NO₃-和OC是其主导组分;ρ(OC)和ρ(EC)分别达18.2和5.2 μg/m3,且ρ(OC)/ρ(EC)平均值为3.5,说明机动车源和燃煤源的影响较明显.②ρ(SO₄2-)与ρ(NO₃-)相关性显著(R=0.80,P < 0.01),表明SO₄2-和NO₃-具有较高的同源性.③重污染过程中ρ(SNA)(SNA为SO₄2-、NO₃-和NH₄+三者统称)平均值为61.5 μg/m3,显著高于清洁期;重污染过程中硫氧化率(SOR)和氮氧化率(NOR)分别达0.42和0.39,说明存在明显的二次离子生成过程.④重污染过程中Si、Al、Mg等地壳类元素的浓度和占比均高于清洁期,说明重污染过程中扬尘源的贡献可能较高.⑤来源解析结果表明,二次源是采暖季PM_2.5的最大贡献源,贡献率为32.6%,其次为扬尘和生物质燃烧混合源(26.4%)、机动车源(21.4%)、燃煤源(13.2%)和工业源(6.3%);两次重污染过程中的最大贡献源分别为二次源(54.5%)和机动车源(46.2%),清洁期的主要贡献源主要为二次源(45.2%)和燃煤源(29.8%).从空间变化来看,扬尘和生物质燃烧混合源对天方二分厂的贡献率(29.3%)明显高于对彩印厂的贡献率(23.3%),而燃煤源对彩印厂的贡献率(16.5%)高于对天方二分厂的贡献率(10.1%),其他源类的贡献率相差不大.正东、东南以及西北方向是彩印厂和天方二分厂各类源的主要贡献方向.研究显示:二次源是采暖季、重污染期间和清洁期最大的贡献源;相比于清洁期,重污染期间扬尘和生物质燃烧混合源贡献增加.源类贡献存在空间差异,正东、东南及西北方向是采样点各类源主要贡献方向.      

亚氨基二琥珀酸修复重金属污染土壤及环境风险削减评估

以亚氨基二琥珀酸（ISA）为洗脱剂,考察ISA投加量、洗脱液pH值、反应时间和土液比对Cd、Pb和Zn去除率影响,通过Box-Behnken多因素设计法优化最佳洗脱条件,并采用涵盖土壤重金属残留量、浸出浓度和毒性的综合环境风险法评估修复效果.结果表明,ISA对Cd、Pb和Zn去除率随其浓度增加而增加;ISA浓度为50mmol/L时,对矿山污染土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn去除率达到11.83%、34.26%和20.96%;对污染农田土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn去除率达到48.89%、57.08%和81.80%.增加反应时间和洗脱液酸性有助于提高ISA对Cd、Pb和Zn去除率.随土液比减低,Cd、Pb和Zn去除率呈上升趋势.ISA去除Cd、Pb和Zn最佳条件为：ISA浓度70mmol/L、洗脱液pH4.0和反应时间120min,预测矿山土壤和污染农田土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn总去除率最大分别为32.58%和93.16%.ISA大幅度降低水溶态、可交换态和碳酸盐结合态Cd、Pb和Zn残留量,从而削减矿山土壤和污染农田土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn总环境风险达50.81%和87.13%.亚氨基二琥珀酸可有效去除污染土壤中重金属并降低残留重金属的环境风险,是一种潜在材料可用于土壤重金属污染修复.     

Start-up of the anammox process from the conventional activated sludge in a hybrid bioreactor

The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process was successfully started up from conventional activated sludge using a hybrid bioreactor within 2 months. The average removal efficiencies of ammonia and nitrite were both over 80%, and the maximum total nitrogen removal rate of 1.85 kg N/(m³.day) was obtained on day 362 with the initial sludge concentration of 0.7 g mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS)/L. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation of the granular sludge in the hybrid reactor clearly showed a high degree of compactness and cell sphericity, and the cell size was quite uniform. Transmission electron microscope photos showed that cells were round or oval, the cellular diameter was 0.6--1.0 μupm, and the percentage of the anammoxosome compartment was 51%--85% of the whole cell volume. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis (FISH) indicated that anammox bacteria became the dominant population in the community (accounting for more than 51% of total bacteria on day 250). Seven planctomycete 16S rRNA gene sequences were present in the 16S rRNA gene clone library generated from the biomass and affiliated to Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis and Candidatus Brocadia sp., a new anammox species. In addition, the average effluent suspended solid (MLSS) concentrations of outlets I (above the non-woven carrier) and II (below the non-woven carrier) were 0.0009 and 0.0035 g/L, respectively. This showed that the non-woven carrier could catch the biomass effectively, which increased biomass and improved the nitrogen removal rate in the reactor.