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81.
The fate and transport processes of a toxic chemical such as atrazine, an herbicide, in a reservoir are significantly influenced
by hydrodynamic regimes of the reservoir. The two-dimensional (2D) laterally-integrated hydrodynamics and mass transport model,
CE-QUAL-W2, was enhanced by incorporating a submodel for toxic contaminants and applied to Saylorville Reservoir, Iowa. The
submodel describes the physical, chemical, and biological processes and predicts unsteady vertical and longitudinal distributions
of a toxic chemical. The simulation results from the enhanced 2D reservoir model were validated by measured temperatures and
atrazine concentrations in the reservoir. Although a strong thermal stratification was not identified from both observed and
predicted water temperatures, the spatial variation of atrazine concentrations was largely affected by seasonal flow circulation
patterns in the reservoir. In particular, the results showed the effect of flow circulation on spatial distribution of atrazine
during summer months as the river flow formed an underflow within the reservoir and resulted in greater concentrations near
the surface of the reservoir. Atrazine concentrations in the reservoir peaked around the end of May and early June. A good
agreement between predicted and observed times and magnitudes of peak concentrations was obtained. The use of time-variable
decay rates of atrazine led to more accurate prediction of atrazine concentrations, while the use of a constant half-life
(60 days) over the entire period resulted in a 40% overestimation of peak concentrations. The results provide a better understanding
of the fate and transport of atrazine in the reservoir and information useful in the development of reservoir operation strategies
with respect to timing, amount, and depth of withdrawal. 相似文献
82.
生物反应器填埋的沉降加速效应 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过实验室填埋柱模拟实验,研究了生物反应器填埋操作方式对填埋层沉降的影响。结果表明:与传统卫生填埋方式相比,回灌经厌氧生物处理后渗滤液的生物反应器填埋方式能够加速填埋层的沉降,140 d内沉降提高比例达10%以上。我国填埋垃圾高含水率、高易腐有机物含量的特性,使得其填埋层的次沉降系数高于文献值。填埋垃圾有机物降解量及其引起的垃圾水分排出量与填埋层沉降有显著相关性,表明有机物降解是引起填埋层沉降的重要因素,也是造成生物反应器填埋与传统卫生填埋方式初期沉降差异的主要原因。 相似文献
83.
以天然矿物质沸石、细砂及煤渣取代传统滤料构建复合基质生态床,表面种植景观植物,采用下向流-上向流运行方式修复北方景观水体。分别进行静态实验及不同循环速率下的动态实验,考察对水体污染物去除过程。结果表明,2种运行方式下对水体NH+4-N去除率都在85%以上,其中以1 h为循环周期的运行方式去除率达97%,较静态提高12.8%;TN去除率最高为84%;TP去除不稳定,过程缓慢。煤渣层对NH+4-N的去除效果差,硝化作用不彻底与反硝化作用的加强使下层出水NH+4-N 、NO-2-N及NO-3-N浓度均高于上层。提高循环速率有利于对氮的去除。 相似文献
84.
氮掺杂氧化钛的简易制备及可见光催化活性的研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
为开发对可见光响应的催化剂,以尿素为氮掺杂剂,采用简易溶胶-凝胶法制备氮掺杂氧化钛,并以2,4-DCP的降解检验其光催化活性。XRD、BET、XPS和UV-Vis漫反射光谱分析表明,随着氮/钛原子比(N/Ti)的增大,各催化剂晶粒尺寸减小,比表面积增大,锐钛矿相向金红石相的转变得到抑制,除0#样品出现金红石相外,其他催化剂均只出现锐钛矿相;掺入催化剂的N位于晶格O位点和晶格间隙,替代N和间隙N掺杂使催化剂的光吸收发生明显的红移。荧光光谱分析表明,当N/Ti在0~6范围内增加时,反应体系中·OH自由基的产生速率增加,当N/Ti增大至8时,速率则下降。相似的规律也表现在氮掺杂量对光催化活性的影响。适量氮掺杂能增强氧化钛的可见光催化活性,该改性催化剂可用于有机污染物的太阳光激催化降解。 相似文献
85.
86.
Imhoff PT Reinhart DR Englund M Guérin R Gawande N Han B Jonnalagadda S Townsend TG Yazdani R 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2007,27(6):729-745
In recent years several types of sensors and measurement techniques have been developed for measuring the moisture content, water saturation, or the volumetric water content of landfilled wastes. In this work, we review several of the most promising techniques. The basic principles behind each technique are discussed and field applications of the techniques are presented, including cost estimates. For several sensors, previously unpublished data are given. Neutron probes, electrical resistivity (impedance) sensors, time domain reflectometry (TDR) sensors, and the partitioning gas tracer technique (PGTT) were field tested with results compared to gravimetric measurements or estimates of the volumetric water content or moisture content. Neutron probes were not able to accurately measure the volumetric water content, but could track changes in moisture conditions. Electrical resistivity and TDR sensors tended to provide biased estimates, with instrument-determined moisture contents larger than independent estimates. While the PGTT resulted in relatively accurate measurements, electrical resistivity and TDR sensors provide more rapid results and are better suited for tracking infiltration fronts. Fiber optic sensors and electrical resistivity tomography hold promise for measuring water distributions in situ, particularly during infiltration events, but have not been tested with independent measurements to quantify their accuracy. Additional work is recommended to advance the development of some of these instruments and to acquire an improved understanding of liquid movement in landfills by application of the most promising techniques in the field. 相似文献
87.
Effect of amorphous silica and silica sand on removal of chromium(VI) by zero-valent iron 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The effect of two surfaces (amorphous silica and silica sand) on the reduction of chromium(VI) by zero-valent iron (Fe(0)) was investigated using batch reactors. The amendment of both surfaces significantly increased the rate and extent of Cr(VI) removal. The rate enhancement by amended surfaces is presumed to result from scavenging of Fe(0)-Cr(VI) reaction products by the provided surfaces, which minimized surface deactivation of Fe(0). The rate enhancing effect was greater for silica compared to sand, and the difference is attributed to silica's higher surface area, greater affinity for reaction products and pH buffering effect. For a given mass of Fe(0), the reactivity and longevity of Fe(0) to treat Cr(VI) increased with increasing dose of silica. Elemental analyses of the reacted iron and silica revealed that chromium removed from the solution was associated with both surfaces, with its mass distribution being approximately 1:1 per mass of iron and silica. The overall result suggests reductive precipitation was a predominant Cr(VI) removal pathway, which involves initial reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), followed by formation of Cr(III)/Fe(III) hydroxides precipitates. 相似文献
88.
DFT-B3LYP method with 6-31G(**) basis set was employed to fully optimize the electronic structures of 135 polychlorinated dibenzofurans and parent compound, namely dibenzofuran. It was demonstrated that polarizability anisotropy and mean polarizability could change sensitively and systematically with chlorine number and substitution pattern. And new quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) focused on the binding affinities of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) induction potencies of PCDFs were developed. It was concluded that polarizability anisotropy in conjunction with hyperpolarizabilties and hyper-order electric moments, e.g. octupole moments could well interpret the variation of toxicity of different congeners and dispersion interaction should be the leading form among various interactions. Although the terms of hyperpolarizabilities and hyper-order electric moments were not the same significant ones as polarizability anisotropy, the long-range interactions characterized by them should not be ignored in explaining the toxicity. 相似文献
89.
We started the monitoring for PCDD/Fs in ambient air and soil in August 2001, and co-PCBs in January 2002. Decreasing of PCDD/Fs and co-PCBs levels in ambient air were observed. The higher PCDD/Fs levels were found in winter and lower in autumn. We found that the industrial incinerators influenced the PCDD/Fs levels in ambient air. In the 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs concentration profiles, the three major congeners occupied 67% of the total mass. In case of co-PCBs, PCB#118, #105 and #77 were observed as the main congeners. Five cluster groups discriminated by ratio of four components, O(8)CDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H(7)CDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H(7)CDF and O(8)CDF, were obtained from HCA (hierarchical cluster analysis). 相似文献
90.
Zero valent iron (ZVI), the primary reactive material in several permeable reactive barriers, is often oxidized to ferrous or ferric iron, resulting in decreased reactivity with time. Iron reducing bacteria can reconvert the ferric iron to its ferrous form, prolonging the reduction of chlorinated organic contaminants. In this study, the reduction of Fe(II,III) oxide and Fe(III) oxide by a strain of iron reducing bacteria of the group Shewanella alga BrY(S. alga BrY) was observed in both aqueous and solid phases. S. alga BrY preferentially reduced dissolved ferric iron over the solid ferric iron. In the presence of iron oxide the Fe(II) ions reduced by S. alga BrY efficiently reduced trichloroethylene (TCE). On the other hand, Fe(II) produced by S. alga BrY covered the reactive surfaces of ZVI iron filings and inhibited the reduction of TCE by ZVI. The formation of precipitates on the iron oxide or Fe0 surface was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The results suggest that iron-reducing bacteria in the oxidized Fe0 barriers can enhance the removal rate of chlorinated organic compounds and influence on the long-term performance of Fe0 reactive barriers. 相似文献