Chemical compositions and radiative properties of dust and anthropogenic air masses study in Taipei Basin, Taiwan, during spring of 2004

Asia is one of the major sources of not only mineral dust but also anthropogenic aerosols. Continental air masses associated with the East Asian winter monsoon always contain high contents of mineral dust and anthropogenic species and transported southeastward to Taiwan, which have significant influences on global atmospheric radiation transfer directly by scattering and absorbing solar radiation in each spring. However, few measurements for the long-range transported aerosol and its optical properties were announced in this area, between the Western Pacific and the southeastern coast of Mainland China. The overall objective of this work is to quantify the optical characteristics of different aerosol types in the Eastern Asian. In order to achieve this objective, meteorological parameters, concentrations of PM₁₀ and its soluble species, and optical property of atmospheric scattering coefficients were measured continuously with 1 h time-resolved from 11 February to 7 April 2004 in Taipei Basin (25°00′N, 121°32′E). In this work, the dramatic changes of meteorological parameters such as temperature and winds were used to determine the influenced period of each air mass. Continental, strong continental, marine, and stagnant air masses defined by the back-trajectory analysis and local meteorology were further characterized as long-range transport pollution, dust, clean marine, and local pollution aerosols, respectively, according to the diagnostic ratios. The aerosol mass scattering efficiency of continental pollution, dust, clean marine, and local pollution aerosols were ranged from 1.3 to 1.6, 0.7 to 1.0, 1.4 and 1.4 to 2.3 m² g⁻¹, respectively. Overall, there are two distinct populations of aerosol mass scattering efficiencies, one for an aerosol chemical composition dominated by dust (<1.0 m² g⁻¹) and the other for an aerosol chemical composition dominated by anthropogenic pollutants (1.3–2.3 m² g⁻¹), which were similar to the previous measurements with high degree of temporal resolution.     

Historical trends of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in sediments buried in a reservoir in Northern Taiwan

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations were analyzed at 1-2cm intervals in a sediment core collected from a reservoir in Northern Taiwan to evaluate the organic pollution history. The highest PCDD/F (14.4ng TEQ/kg d.w.) and PCB (0.261ng TEQ(WHO)/kg d.w.) concentrations were determined at 13-15cm (estimated year: 1992). The ages of the levels of sediment core were estimated from the sedimentation rate. Analysis results demonstrate that the PCDD/F concentration of the sediment core measured in the reservoir reached their peak when the municipal waste incinerators (MWIs) in the area started to operate. Furthermore, the decrease in sediment core PCDD/F concentration is related to the time of enforcement of the PCDD/F emission limit set by the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) in Taiwan. Significant distribution of OCDD in homologue profiles was noted in archived soil samples in Taiwan in which the major input of PCDD/Fs was thought to be atmospheric. Major PCB congeners found in the sediment core were the major components of the commercial PCB products. Input fluxes of PCDD/Fs (5.75-158ng-I-TEQ/m(2)-yr) and PCBs (0.248-3.71ng TEQ(WHO)/m(2)yr) into the reservoir of interest are also calculated from the concentration and sedimentation rate of the sediment. The results reveal that considerable amounts of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were carried into the reservoir of interest in the flood stage but not during normal stage.     

江苏数字地震台网地震监测能力估算

采用理论计算和实测相结合的方法估计了江苏数字地震台网的地震监测能力。虽然用两种方法得到的监测区略有差异 ,但几何形状相近 ,其公共区域部分更趋合理地反映了目前江苏数字地震台网的监测范围。比较了速度型和位移型地震记录的差异 ,并讨论了其监测范围差异的原因     

Enhancing sensitivity of microbial fuel cell sensors for low concentration biodegradable organic matter detection: Regulation of substrate concentration, anode area and external resistance

The relatively low sensitivity is an important reason for restricting the microbial fuel cell (MFC) sensors’ application in low concentration biodegradable organic matter (BOM) detection. The startup parameters, including substrate concentration, anode area and external resistance, were regulated to enhance the sensitivity of MFC sensors. The results demonstrated that both the substrate concentration and anode area were positively correlated with the sensitivity of MFC sensors, and an external resistance of 210 Ω was found to be optimal in terms of sensitivity of MFC sensors. Optimized MFC sensors had lower detection limit (1 mg/L) and higher sensitivity (Slope value of the linear regression curve was 1.02), which effectively overcome the limitation of low concentration BOM detection. The essential reason is that optimized MFC sensors had higher coulombic efficiency, which was beneficial to improve the sensitivity of MFC sensors. The main impact of the substrate concentration and anode area was to regulate the proportion between electrogens and nonelectrogens, biomass and living cells of the anode biofilm. The external resistance mainly affected the morphology structure and the proportion of living cells of the anode. This study demonstrated an effective way to improve the sensitivity of MFC sensors for low concentration BOM detection.     

负载型钛凝胶的制备及其吸附去除三价砷的性能

针对钛凝胶(titanium xerogel,TAX)对三价砷[As(Ⅲ)]的吸附容量高(254 mg·g^-1)但速率慢的问题,通过浸渍法,将TAX负载到活性炭、海绵及树脂材料制备负载型吸附剂,并评价其除砷性能.除海绵外,活性炭和树脂均能成功负载TAX,其中活性炭基材料的钛负载量在1.4%左右,树脂基材料在5%左右.树脂和活性炭的负载均提高了TAX的除砷速率,且树脂基材料提高的程度更明显.对于初始质量浓度为1.0 mg·L^-1的As(Ⅲ)溶液,树脂基材料(TAX@D201)的吸附速率为0.85mg·(g·min)^-1,是未负载TAX吸附速率[0.04 mg·(g·min)^-1]的21倍.在处理实际含砷地下水的柱实验中,TAX@树脂的有效床体积(BV)达560 BV,是相同金属负载量载铁树脂材料的2.8倍(199 BV).本文结果表明将TAX负载于大孔树脂是一条有效的策略,为TAX应用于含砷地下水的净化提供了新思路.     

管理措施对黄土高原油松人工林土壤水溶性碳氮及其三维荧光特征的影响

为研究不同管理措施(凋落物去除、油松幼林、灌木和草地)下土壤水溶性碳、氮含量的变化以及土壤溶解性有机质(SDOM)的组分,选取黄土高原油松人工林为研究对象,以未皆伐油松人工林作为对照,对土壤水溶性碳、氮以及SDOM荧光组分等相关重要特征量进行研究分析.结果表明,灌木和油松幼林的土壤水溶性有机碳含量显著高于其他管理措施,并且土壤水溶性有机碳含量随土层深度的增加而降低,土壤水溶性有机碳/土壤有机碳(WSOC/SOC)值随深度增加呈上升趋势;土壤水溶性氮含量的变化和水溶性碳的变化趋势一致,油松幼林土壤水溶性氮组分含量高于其他管理措施,总体上随深度的增加而降低.不同管理措施对SDOM组分影响显著,基于三维荧光光谱技术结合平行因子(EEM-PARAFAC)分析可知SDOM有4种组分,主要分为类腐殖质、类蛋白和可溶性微生物代谢产物三大类,其中SDOM的主要成分为富里酸类腐殖质,油松幼林土壤中富里酸含量最高.本研究表明,管理措施对土壤水溶性碳氮含量变化和SDOM组分具有一定的影响,特别是油松幼林和灌木影响较大.两种管理措施提高了土壤水溶性有机碳以及水溶性氮组分的含量,增强其在土壤中的迁移转化能力,同...     

煤的受热升温过程及厚度与粒度的影响

为了解煤在中等温度(150～400℃)下氧化的特点,对贫煤和褐煤进行了系列恒温加热.重点考察在超过加热温度后煤的升温速率,以分析其氧化放热反应的特点.不同条件实验中,贫煤的升温速率曲线都在相同的一些温度点附近出现峰值;褐煤也有相同的规律.这表明在特定温度附近氧化反应加强是由煤自身的特性决定的.另一方面煤样的厚度越小、粒度越大都使得升温速率数值增大,说明厚度小、粒度大有利于氧气的输运,而导致氧化反应加快.     

Responses of herbaceous mimosa (Mimosa strigillosa), a new reclamation species, to cyclic moisture stress

A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the response of herbaceous mimosa (Mimosa strigillosa) to six levels of cyclic soil moisture stresses in a 17-week period. The results showed that the cultivar continued to grow and the biomass continued to increase even when the soil moisture stress was as high as at the wilting point (1500 Kpa). Also, transpiration recovery rate was quick and values of root/shoot ratio were high when the plant was subject to the cyclic moisture stress condition. All these characteristics, along with strong rooting and spreading ability, suggest this legume as a promising drought hardiness species for reclamation purposes.