农药含钾废渣的热解动力学

通过XRF和XRD两种测试方法对农药含钾废渣的成分进行测定,结果显示,该废渣中含有大量的氯化钾,具有很大的资源化价值.采用热重分析法,在5、10、15、20 K.min-1线性升温速率下,研究了农药含钾废渣在空气气氛下的热解特性及热解动力学.以期为农药含钾废渣的资源化处理提供理论依据.结果表明,该废渣热解过程分为3个阶段,失重率分别为4.62%、7.69%和2.55%;且3个阶段的活化能E分别为83.53、128.48和138.17 kJ.mol-1,指前因子A分别为4.79×107、2.34×1010和6.46×107s-1.     

A new polystyrene-latex-based and EPS-containing synthetic sludge

Since the living microorganisms in activated sludge continuously change, it is difficult to conduct controlled experiments and achieve reproducible results for evaluating sludge characteristics. Synthetic sludge, as a chemical surrogate to activated sludge, could be used to investigate the sludge physicochemical properties, and it is desirable to prepare synthetic sludge with similar structure and properties to real activated sludge to explore the flocculation and settlement processes in activated sludge systems. In this work, a high-strength synthetic sludge was prepared with functional polystyrene latex particles as the framework and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to modify its surface. The flocculation and settling characteristics of the microspheres and the prepared synthetic sludge were tested. Compared with other three functional polystyrene latex microspheres, the synthetic sludge prepared with EPS-modified polystyrene latex microspheres showed good settling characteristics and a significantly higher strength. They could be used for studying the physicochemical properties of activated sludge.     

大气污染物对兰州心脑血管疾病住院影响的病例交叉研究

为探讨兰州市大气污染对心脑血管疾病住院的急性健康效应,采用单向回顾性配对病例交叉设计,分析了兰州市2001~2005年大气污染物浓度(PM10、SO2及NO2)短期升高对人群心脑血管疾病住院的影响.结果表明,单向回顾性1:2匹配病例交叉研究的效应值(ORs)最大,在控制同期天气因素后,滞后3d PM10浓度每升高10μg/m3 ,总心脑血管疾病及心血管疾病住院的ORs分别为1.002(95%CI:1.001~1.003)和1.002(95%CI:1.001~1.003);无滞后SO2浓度每升高10μg/m3对总心脑血管疾病住院的OR值为1.005(95%CI:1.000~1.009);NO2在滞后1d浓度每升高10μg/m3对总心脑血管疾病OR值为1.022(95%CI:1.014~1.030);对心血管疾病及脑血管疾病住院影响均在滞后2d达到最大,ORs值分别为1.021(95%CI:1.011~1.030) 和1.019(95%CI:1.005~1.033).在多污染物模型中,PM10仍对心血管疾病住院人数增加有统计学意义;NO2对心脑血管疾病住院的影响均较单污染物模型中大.     

The origin of high hydrocarbon groundwater in shallow Triassic aquifer in Northwest Guizhou,China

Original high hydrocarbon groundwater represents a kind of groundwater in which hydrocarbon concentration exceeds 0.05 mg/L. The original high hydrocarbon will significantly reduce the environment capacity of hydrocarbon and lead environmental problems. For the past 5 years, we have carried out for a long-term monitoring of groundwater in shallow Triassic aquifer in Northwest Guizhou, China. We found the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbon was always above 0.05 mg/L. The low-level anthropogenic contamination cannot produce high hydrocarbon groundwater in the area. By using hydrocarbon potential, geochemistry and biomarker characteristic in rocks and shallow groundwater, we carried out a comprehensive study in Dalongjing (DLJ) groundwater system to determine the hydrocarbon source. We found a simplex hydrogeology setting, high-level water–rock–hydrocarbon interaction and obviously original hydrocarbon groundwater in DLJ system. The concentration of petroleum hydrocarbon in shallow aquifer was found to increase with the strong water–rock interaction. Higher hydrocarbon potential was found in the upper of Guanling formation (T₂g³) and upper of Yongningzhen formation (T₁yn⁴). Heavily saturated carbon was observed from shallow groundwater, which presented similar distribution to those from rocks, especially from the deeper groundwater. These results indicated that the high concentrations of original hydrocarbon in groundwater could be due to the hydrocarbon release from corrosion and extraction out of strata over time.

     

Effects of two different intercropping systems on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) dissipation北大核心CSCD

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are typical organic contaminants in the environment. It is indicated that plants and soil microorganisms have a positive synergistic effect on the remediation of PCB-contaminated soil. To investigate the effect of intercropping on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization and PCB remediation, a pot-cultivation experiment with two intercropping treatments, corn (Zea mays L.) / ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and corn/alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and a corn monoculture was conducted in a greenhouse. All treatments were inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae M47V. Plant biomass, root mycorrhizal colonization rate, concentration of PCBs and their homologs in soil, 16S rDNA gene abundance, and community composition measured by Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) were determined after harvesting the plants. Intercropping significantly increased the root mycorrhizal colonization rate and plant biomass of corn (P < 0.05), as well as the available N content of the soil. A significant difference of the bacterial community composition was found among different treatments (P < 0.05). Compared with corn monoculture, corn/alfalfa intercropping significantly increased soil bacteria abundance (P < 0.05). The dissipation rates of total PCBs, as well as that of penta-chloro biphenyls were significantly increased in the intercropping treatments, when compared to the corn monoculture treatment. Moreover, corn/ryegrass intercropping has a significantly positive effect on the dissipation of tri-chloro biphenyls. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis indicated that the PCBs homologues composition were significantly correlated with the relative abundance of 128 bp and 148 bp T-RFs. Corn intercropping with ryegrass or alfalfa has a positive effect on root mycorrhizal colonization rate and plant biomass of corn. Inoculation of AM fungi in intercropping treatments significantly improved the efficiency of PCB remediation by promoting bacterial abundance and shifting the bacterial community composition. In conclusion, intercropping combined with AM fungi have positive synergistic effects on the remediation of PCB-contaminated soils. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

北京不同污染天气PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)染毒对大鼠生理病理参数的影响

为探讨北京不同污染天气大气可吸入颗粒物PM_(10)和细颗粒物PM_(2.5)污染对雄性大鼠血常规、氧化损伤、炎症反应和肺组织的影响,将64只雄性8周龄Wistar大鼠随机分为8组,分别为2个对照组(空白组和生理盐水组)和6个染毒组(清洁、雾霾及沙尘暴3种不同天气的PM_(10)染毒组和PM_(2.5)染毒组),每组8只。用2015年3月—5月在北京南海子麋鹿苑采集的清洁、雾霾和沙尘暴3种不同天气的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)制备悬液,分别采用气管滴入PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)悬液作为染毒组,空白对照组不做任何处理,生理盐水对照组采用气管滴注生理盐水。急性染毒24 h后处死大鼠。采集血液测定18个血常规指标,分析肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、白介素-6(IL-6)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的含量,并在高倍显微镜下观察肺组织和气管病理形态变化。同时,对PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中的水溶性离子、有机碳/元素碳、16种多环芳烃和7种重金属等元素进行了测定,并分析了各组分与大鼠生理病理指标的相关性。结果表明:清洁、沙尘暴天气的PM_(10)和雾霾天气的PM_(2.5)急性染毒导致大鼠白细胞系参数即免疫力显著下降。污染天气颗粒物染毒后大鼠BALF氧化炎症因子的改变表明呼吸系统受到感染:沙尘暴和清洁天的PM_(10)染毒均显著提高了TGF-β1,雾霾PM_(10)染毒后IL-6和LDH有一定程度升高。3种天气颗粒物染毒对肺和气管造成的组织病理伤害各有特点,但PM_(2.5)伤害程度普遍大于PM_(10)。染毒颗粒物粒径大小,其化学成分类别、浓度是造成大鼠血常规指标变化、氧化炎症反应和组织学病变的可能原因。     

城市生活垃圾好氧堆肥中氨气变化及其影响

堆肥过程中氮素损失比较严重,而氨气挥发是氮损失的主要途径。利用城市生活垃圾进行好氧堆肥,研究其堆肥过程中氨气变化规律及其对堆肥性质的影响。结果表明:在堆肥期间,氨气含量先增加后减小,最后基本稳定在5 mg/kg左右;而全氮含量先降低后增加;硝态氮含量先降低后增加;铵态氮是先快速增加,后缓慢减小至稳定;pH值先下降后升高,最终稳定在中性范围内;w(C)/w(N)先增加后下降;有机质含量显著下降。     

不同条件对光合细菌沉降性的影响

光合细菌(PSB)法能够同时实现废水处理和菌体资源回收再利用,然而PSB菌体细胞自然沉降困难,不能很好地进行固液分离,限制了其广泛的应用。研究了不同环境因素对PSB菌体生长量和沉降效率的影响。结果表明,在接种量为20%、初始pH值为8.5、温度为30℃、光照强度为5 000 lux和厌氧光照静置培养时,PSB的最大沉降效率为84.78%,比对照实验提高了70%。其中,初始pH值、光照强度和培养方式的影响最为显著。     

硅藻土/活性炭对石油降解菌群的固定化研究

研究了一种石油降解菌群的固定化方法,其中菌群包括假单胞菌、芽孢杆菌和微球菌。以硅藻土/活性炭作为降解菌群的固定化载体,对最佳固定化条件进行研究,结果表明:降解菌群的最佳固定化时间16h,温度37℃,硅藻土/活性炭加入量0.1g/mL,pH值7.5,120r/min振荡16h,降解菌群固定化率达97.1%。固定化菌群用于油基钻屑中油降解,降解14d,可使钻屑中TPH含量由30 000mg/kg降至10 450mg/kg,平均油去除率达65%。     

人因可靠性分析的加权CREAM模型

为有效预测开发阶段系统的可靠性,提高认知可靠性与失误分析方法(CREAM)分析的准确性,降低部分系统输入数据的主观性,利用区间值直觉模糊集(IVIFS)和网络分析法(ANP),在考虑共同绩效条件(CPC)间相关性的情况下,提出了一种定量计算CPC权重的优化方法,使可靠性分析更加符合实际环境.在算法中基于判断矩阵获得各CPC权重,克服了一致性检验的约束,并确定了加权的人因失效概率.最后将改进前后的方法应用在肺癌穿刺机器人手术系统的试验中.结果表明:改进后方法获得的权重的标准误差(SE)更低,与真实值更贴近,准确性更高,证明了其分析能力的优越性;改进后方法最终预测结果包含的信息更广,有效避免了对系统潜在故障的忽视.