紫外辐射H2O2与PMS氧化准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水

采用紫外（UV）活化双氧水（H₂O₂）和过一硫酸盐（PMS）产生活性氧物种降解准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中有机污染物.结果表明,紫外辐射双氧水（UV-H₂O₂）和紫外辐射过一硫酸盐（UV-PMS）体系对有机污染物的降解相比于单独体系效果显著.初始pH值和氧化剂投加量能够显著影响2种体系的降解效能,增加氧化剂投加量能够一定程度提高2种体系对渗滤液尾水中有机物的去除;2种体系均在酸性条件下效果较好,初始pH值的升高对2种体系过程有机物降解有抑制作用并且对UV-H₂O₂体系的抑制尤为显著.在最优条件下（初始pH值为3,氧化剂投量为0.084mol/L）,UV-H₂O₂与UV-PMS体系处理后出水COD去除率分别达到了72.09%和56.22%.另外,UV-H₂O₂体系中主要活性氧物种是羟基自由基,而UV-PMS体系中主要是由羟基自由基和硫酸根自由基的共同作用.紫外-可见光谱与三维荧光光谱表明两体系中均能降解渗滤液尾水中难降解芳香类有机物质,并且UV-PMS较UV-H₂O₂体系对腐殖质的反应速率更快,但是两种体系对渗滤液尾水中腐殖质的降解途径存在显著差异.研究结果可为光化学氧化处理垃圾渗滤液中难降解有机物提供参考.     

新型硫酸铝-壳聚糖助滤剂强化砂滤效能研究

将硫酸铝和壳聚糖复配作为微絮凝助滤剂（AS-CTS）,考察其强化过滤性能.利用分子量分级、荧光光谱等手段分析有机物的去除特性,通过Zeta电位、絮体粒径、分形维数的变化分析其强化过滤机理.结果表明：AS-CTS较AS、CTS强化过滤效果明显,在AS/CTS复配比为2：1、CTS投加量0.3mg/L,转速300r/min,搅拌时间2min的条件下,砂滤出水浊度能达到0.1NTU、颗粒物125个/mL,残余铝浓度0.02mg/L;浊度和颗粒物去除率较未加AS-CTS分别提高了58%、61.7%.AS-CTS强化过滤可有效去除分子量>30KDa的腐殖酸和1~3KDa间的色氨酸类蛋白、溶解性微生物代谢产物、类富里酸.AS-CTS主要靠高分子吸附架桥作用和界面化学作用,增加胶体颗粒在滤料表面的粘附;通过形成较大粒径和分形维数的微絮体,增强絮体向滤料表面的迁移.     

环境因子对胡敏酸介导下SDZ光解行为的影响

研究了在纯水条件及两种不同来源胡敏酸（HA）介导下,磺胺嘧啶（SDZ）和水稻土胡敏酸（SDHA）、泥炭土胡敏酸（NTHA）的不同浓度、pH值、光敏离子（NO₃^-和Fe³⁺）、离子强度（NaCl）以及金属离子（Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和K⁺）等环境因子对SDZ紫外光降解的影响.结果表明：光照下,pH=7.1对两种体系的SDZ光降解有促进作用且效果最好.低SDZ浓度（2mg/L）以及低HA浓度（15mg/L）条件下使SDZ光解速率较快.光敏离子中NO₃^-通过光生·OH,促进了纯水中SDZ的光解,但在HA体系中,HA具有猝灭·OH的效应造成SDZ的光解速率低于纯水;Fe³⁺在HA体系下均表现为抑制作用,且抑制强度为NTHA>SDHA.在纯水中SDZ的光解速率随NaCl浓度增加而增加,HA介导下,较低浓度NaCl（C_NaCl=50mmol/L）抑制作用较强.金属离子（K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺）在纯水中对SDZ的光解影响程度较弱,但在HA体系中均表现为抑制作用,抑制强度为K⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺,单价阳离子对SDZ光降解影响较为明显.     

基于自然资源本底的国土空间规划现状一张图构建及应用——以青岛市为例

国土空间规划体系构建工作已经全面展开,清晰详实的现状图和数据是摸清自然资源家底的重要基础,也是编制国土空间规划的重要支撑。而当前国土空间现状数据的用地分类标准、数据精度和应用目标等尚不统一。基于遥感影像、地理国情和互联网POI等多源数据进行国土空间现状一张图研究,综合现有用地分类标准和数据精度,构建青岛市国土空间规划现状一张图。在此基础上,探讨国土空间规划一张图应用方向,包括青岛市“三生空间”和资源环境研判分析,以及城镇建设适宜性、生态服务功能重要性和农业生产适宜性分析等内容。国土空间规划现状一张图的构建,对于明确资源利用上限与环境质量底线,规范国土空间规划数据,以及支撑国土空间规划编制和管理具有重要作用。     

色谱质谱联用技术在一起农药污染事故应急监测中的应用

在一起污染源应急事故中,色谱质谱联用技术在确定污染源类型,并快速做出准确定性定量分析中发挥了重要作用。通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术,首先确定可能污染物类型为三嗪类化合物;之后,通过液相色谱-串连质谱全扫描,推断可能为三嗪类除草剂——甲磺隆。正、负ESI子离子全扫描后图谱与甲磺隆标准物质图谱相对照,完全吻合。最后,通过SRM模式下对380.0→139.0的母、子离子选择反应监测,测定了农田灌溉水源和土壤中甲磺隆的含量。     

Changes of microbial composition during wastewater reclamation and distribution systems revealed by high-throughput sequencing analyses

This study employed 454-pyrosequencing to investigate microbial and pathogenic communities in two wastewater reclamation and distribution systems. A total of 11972 effective 16S rRNA sequences were acquired from these two reclamation systems, and then designated to relevant taxonomic ranks by using RDP classifier. The Chao index and Shannon diversity index showed that the diversities of microbial communities decreased along wastewater reclamation processes. Proteobacteria was the most dominant phylum in reclaimed water after disinfection, which accounted for 83% and 88% in two systems, respectively. Human opportunistic pathogens, including Clostridium, Escherichia, Shigella, Pseudomonas and Mycobacterium, were selected and enriched by disinfection processes. The total chlorine and nutrients (TOC, NH₃-N and NO₃-N) significantly affected the microbial and pathogenic communities during reclaimed water storage and distribution processes. Our results indicated that the disinfectant-resistant pathogens should be controlled in reclaimed water, since the increases in relative abundances of pathogenic bacteria after disinfection implicate the potential public health associated with reclaimed water.     

Assessment of urban sustainability efficiency based on general data envelopment analysis: a case study of two cities in western and eastern China

Sustainable urban development focuses on enhancing urban well-being, while also balancing the demands of urban social and economic development, natural resource consumption, and environmental pollution. This work used general data envelopment analysis to assess the urban sustainability efficiency (USE) and sustainability potential (SP) in Lanzhou and Xiamen, two cities that are characteristic of urban areas in western and eastern China. The assessment indicator system included important natural and urban welfare factors as input and output indices, respectively. The results showed that overall urban sustainability efficiency increased in Lanzhou and Xiamen from 1985 to 2010, but that the sustainability of natural resources clearly decreased. The urban sustainability efficiency of Xiamen was higher than that of Lanzhou, and the sustainability potential of Xiamen was lower than that of Lanzhou; this indicates that Xiamen performed better in terms of urban sustainable development. The urban sustainability efficiency in Xiamen has increased with increasing urban population, and the rate and scale of economic development have been higher than in Lanzhou. The assessment and analysis performed in this study show that cities with different natural resources and development characteristics have different forms, patterns, and trajectories of sustainable development.     

固相萃取-气相色谱法测定水中硝基氯苯类化合物

建立固相萃取-气相色谱法测定水中15种硝基氯苯类化合物的方法。选用HLB柱为固相萃取柱,选用环己烷∶丙酮(3∶1,V∶V)混合溶剂作洗脱剂,得到方法检出限为0.011～0.040μg/L。空白水样加标回收率为73.6%～119%,相对标准偏差为6.1%～13.9%,精密度和准确度良好。对成分不复杂的实际水样进行测定,加标回收率为64.1%～118%,相对标准偏差为5.8%～15.6%,该方法能够基本满足成分不复杂的环境水体中痕量硝基氯苯类化合物的测定。     

Characteristics and management of domestic waste in a rural area of the Tibetan Plateau

In the rural area of the Tibetan Plateau (RATP), the characteristics of domestic waste, people’s environmental awareness, people’s willingness to pay and their influence factors were firstly studied by questionnaires, field samplings and laboratory tests. The results showed that, in the RATP, the generation of domestic waste was 85 g?d-1 per capita and it was mainly composed of plastics, inert waste, kitchen waste, glass and paper. The waste bulk density, moisture content, ash, combustible and low calorific value were 65 kg?m-3, 19.25%, 44.90%, 35.85% and 10,520 kJ?kg-1 respectively. These characteristics are influenced by income sources and geographical position to some extent. Classified collection should be promoted widely on the household and the village basis. Compost, fermentation, landfill, bioreactor landfill and semi-aerobic landfill have been approved as effective techniques to treat domestic waste, except incineration. The distance of 50–800 m between each collection facility and the disposal fee of around $0.8 per month per household are suggested. For suburbs or large population villages, it’s better to treat domestic waste by the centralized way. But for the remote rural areas, a decentralized way is proposed. Significantly, the educational and economic influence should be considered into an effective domestic waste management program.

Implications:?The current situatio n of the environment in the rural areas of the Tibetan Plateau (RATP) was surveyed. There, the generation of organics and moisture of domestic waste were low but ash, recyclables, and combustibles were high. People’s knowledge of domestic waste was absent but their participation in management was strong. Based on the current situation, compost, fermentation, and landfill were effective but incineration was inappropriate. Also, a localized mini landfill for a cluster of villages and or settlements was the best method there.