储罐区有机气体排放综合治理技术研究

针对石化企业储罐大小呼吸产生的有机气体,提出了一种基于活性炭吸附-真空解吸-多级冷凝回收的综合治理方法。储罐产生的挥发性有机气体首先经由气体收集系统送入装置,由两个活性炭罐交替吸附后排放达标的尾气。活性炭吸附饱和后采用真空解吸,解吸后的气体由多级冷凝机组冷却至液态并最终送回罐区。该方法能够对储罐区的多种物料如苯、二甲苯、油气等进行综合治理,在达到环保要求的同时为企业节省成本。     

热水解污泥厌氧消化过程中肠球菌抗生素抗性基因与毒力基因的转归

城市污泥中含有大量肠球菌,可携带抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)和毒力基因(virulence gene,VGs),从而具有潜在的耐药性和致病性,对人类健康存在巨大威胁.为此考察了热水解污泥在中温(40℃)/高温(55℃)厌氧消化过程中肠球菌的耐药表型、基因型及携带VGs的变化规律.结果表明,厌氧进泥中肠球菌对阿奇霉素的耐药率均显著高于螺旋霉素和四环素.高温厌氧对肠球菌的数量及耐药性具有更好地控制及削减效果.高温厌氧消化可能会促进四环素类抗性基因在肠球菌的表达.中温、高温厌氧消化可促进ARGs在肠球菌中发生水平转移,导致其潜在双重甚至多重耐药性增加.中温厌氧消化可降低肠球菌同时具有潜在致病性和耐药性的几率,而高温厌氧消化则会增加此风险.     

水热炭减少稻田氨挥发损失的效果与机制

作为生物质水热碳化的产物,水热炭因其丰富的孔隙结构和官能团等良好的表面特性,在稻田氨(NH_3)挥发减排方面有着良好的应用前景.本研究将水热炭作为一种土壤调理剂施加到稻田土壤中,通过水稻全生育期土柱试验,考察其对稻田氨挥发的影响.试验通过设置3个处理:CKU(不施加水热炭对照)、SHC(锯末水热炭)和W-SHC(水洗锯末水热炭),研究了不同水热炭对田面水pH、田面水NH_4~+-N浓度、氨挥发排放通量和累积量及单位产量氨挥发排放累积量的影响.其中水热炭和水洗水热炭施加量为0. 5%(质量分数).结果表明,SHC处理显著降低了NH_3挥发累积排放量和单位产量NH_3挥发累积排放量(P 0. 05),相比CKU分别减少了32. 42%和47. 61%. W-SHC处理氨挥发减排效果稍弱,NH_3挥发累积排放量和单位产量NH_3挥发累积排放量相比CKU分别减少了10. 14%和27. 71%.氨挥发减排可能与水热炭的施用导致的田面水pH变化和NH_4~+-N浓度的降低有关.与CKU相比,SHC和W-SHC处理均降低了田面水pH和NH_4~+-N浓度,且在水稻基肥期(BF)和蘖肥期(SF1)影响较明显.土壤脲酶活性受到水热炭施加的显著抑制(P 0. 05),同时土壤氨氧化基因(AOA和AOB)丰度也显著增加(P 0. 05),导致土壤氨氧化作用增强,这对于田面水NH_4~+-N浓度有削减作用.本研究将为实现稻田氨挥发减排背景下的水热炭农业环境应用提供理论和数据支持.     

白洋淀优势鱼类中喹诺酮类抗生素的生物累积特征及其与环境因子相关性

喹诺酮类抗生素（quinolone antibiotics,QNs）易富集于水生生物中,近年来在我国湖泊中广泛检出,且其生物富集系数和营养传递行为具有明显的时空异质性.本研究选取白洋淀9种优势鱼类为研究对象,分析14种QNs的生物累积特征及其与环境因子的相关性,评估了QNs健康风险.结果表明,白洋淀水体中∑QNs质量浓度范围为0.7400~1590 ng·L^-1,其中氟甲喹（flumequine,FLU）、喹酸（oxolinic acid,OXO）和氧氟沙星（ofloxacin,OFL）检出率较高,FLU平均质量浓度最高;鱼类体内∑QNs含量范围为17.1~146 ng·g^-1,其中环丙沙星（ciprofloxacin,CIP）和FLU平均含量较高.生物累积系数（bioaccumulation factors,BAF）范围（L·kg^-1）为96.2（BAF_MAR）~489（BAF_CIP）,表明QNs在鱼类中的生物累积能力较低.5种检出率较高的QNs［恩诺沙星（enrofloxacin,ENR）、FLU、马波沙星（marbofloxacin,MAR）、诺氟沙星（norfloxacin,NOR）和OFL］的营养放大因子（trophic magnification factors,TMF）范围为0.714（TMF_MAR）~1.33（TMF_ENR）,其中ENR呈营养放大,FLU、MAR和QNs呈营养稀释.理化参数与BAF和TMF相关性分析结果表明,pH、T、SD、DO、COD、TP、TN、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和PO₄^3--P与BAF和TMF相关性较为显著.健康风险评估结果表明,CIP的危害系数（hazard quotient,HQ,0.0040~0.026）显著高于其它QNs（≤0.0050）,危害指数（hazard index,HI）范围为0.0010~0.035,具有高健康风险.因此,应制定更为严格的抗生素排放标准,减少湖泊外源有机质和营养物质输入,以减少污染物在鱼类体内的生物累积,降低抗生素污染水平和健康风险.     

大气颗粒态有机硝酸酯的转化机制、测量技术及应用

大气中的颗粒态有机硝酸酯是连接挥发性有机物（VOCs）、氮氧化物（NO_x）、二次有机气溶胶（SOA）及臭氧的关键物质,总结了近10年国内外对颗粒态有机硝酸酯来源、形成机制、测量分析方法、浓度水平等方面的研究,描述了现有大气化学框架下有机硝酸酯的大气转化机制,梳理了测量有机硝酸酯的离线、在线方法及其优缺点,总结了应用不同测量技术对环境大气中颗粒态有机硝酸酯的实测结果,提出了当前有机硝酸酯研究在测量技术、机理研究和观测尺度等方面的薄弱环节,并对其未来研究方向进行了展望.     

Evaluating the biotoxicity of surface water in a grassy lake in North China

The biological toxicity of aquatic ecosystems should be considered when assessing the effects of toxicity on the water environment. The aim of this study was to identify the main pollutants in the Baiyangdian (BYD) and the factors that contribute to biological toxicity. We determined various physical and chemical indicators in the surface water of the BYD, including nutrients and heavy metals, and the biological toxicity. We also explored the sources of the main pollutants and how the pollutants contributed to toxicity in the lake, using correlation analysis and an index of the biological toxicity. The results showed that total nitrogen (TN), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), chromium (Cr), and zinc (Zn) were the main pollutants in the BYD surface water. The average concentration of Cr was 2.3 times greater than the Class V threshold, and the concentrations at about 65% of the sampling points, mainly those in the southern part of the BYD, exceeded the threshold standard. The average concentration of Zn was 1.25 times higher than the Class V threshold, with the concentrations of about 35% of the samples greater than the threshold concentration. The integrated toxicity of the surface water to luminescent bacteria ranged from 0.51% to 58%, and averaged 24.07%, which was within the range of moderate toxicity. The inhibition rates were high near Diantou (59%) and Duan (51.6%). The pollutant levels in the BYD tend to be related to the population density, with pollution mainly caused by sewage and domestic garbage, with little influence from local industries. Cr and TN were strongly correlated, but the biological toxicity was not correlated with any of the individual environmental indicators, which suggests that the toxicity in the surface water of the BYD reflected the combined effects of the environmental factors, rather than a single factor. The information from this study, about the main pollutants and the relationships between the physical and chemical properties of the surface water in the BYD, can be used to support plans for restoring the BYD.     

生态文明绩效管理信息系统总体框架设计

利用信息平台的高效性、科学性、有效性,结合生态文明内在发展需求和先进的绩效管理理念设计生态文明绩效管理信息系统总体框架,实现信息流的共享,区域间绩效的有效评估,管理者的有利决策,从而发挥建设生态文明中的管理效能,最终实现有序、快速建设生态文明的战略目标。     

环境工艺方法论研究——翻新法

翻新法是环境工艺哲学意义上的重要方法.本文总结了翻新法在环境工艺中的应用,并讨论了它的哲学内涵.     

Cooperative Game Among Cities in Urban Agglomerations and Economical Sustainable Development

Abstract

This paper analyses redounded profits of cooperation and non-cooperation among cities in urban agglomerations based on game theory. It discusses the problems of economical development among cities with feeble cooperation, and deduces the conclusion that only cooperation of cities produces the maximum profits and realizes Pareto efficiency for cities and urban agglomerations. The paper states that cooperation is the cornerstone of economic sustainable development in urban agglomerations in profits produced by cooperation among cities. Some suggestions to accelerate cooperation among cities are proposed.     

掘进巷道风流温度分布规律的数值模拟

根据紊流状态下的守恒原理 ,导出了描述掘进巷道风流紊流流动和温度分布的微分方程。通过对矿内风流流动及热力过程的理论分析及现场实测 ,系统地开展矿内风流流场和风流温度场的分布规律及其耦合作用机理的理论分析与研究 ,并利用PHOENICS程序进行数值模拟 ,初步得出了矿井掘进巷道风流温度与各种参数的变化规律。掘进巷道风流温度随风速提高呈负幂函数规律降低 ,随入风流温度升高而线性升高。