应用荧光原位杂交方法检测中国沿海塔玛/链状亚历山大藻复合种(亚洲温带基因型)

近年来,有害赤潮于中国沿海频繁发生,对沿海居民身体健康、水产养殖和自然生态形成了潜在的威胁.由于部分有毒赤潮藻在很低的密度下就有可能导致严重的危害,但传统的采样和分析方法无法对这类有毒赤潮进行有效的检测,因而急需发展准确、高效的检测新方法.根据对中国沿海分离的塔玛/链状亚历山大藻(亚洲温带基因型)核糖体大亚基DNA(LSU rDNA)序列信息的分析,设计了两条特异性的荧光标记探针,并建立了针对中国沿海塔玛/链状亚历山大藻复合种(亚洲温带基因型)的荧光原位杂交检测方法室内模拟实验显示两条探针都能够特异性地标记中国沿海塔玛/链状亚历山大藻(亚洲温带基因型),但标记效果有一定差异,探针SPEC-PROBE2标记效果远好于探针SPEC-PROBE1.经过标记的藻细胞可以通过荧光显微镜和流式细胞仪区分.中国沿海塔玛/链状亚历山大藻荧光原位杂交检测方法的建立将有助于提高海水样品中亚历山大藻监测的准确性和工作效率.     

塔玛亚历山大藻对栉孔扇贝胚胎和早期幼虫的影响

塔玛亚历山大藻Alexandrium tamarense(藻株ATHK）能抑制栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri受精卵的孵化和早期D型幼虫的存活。实验发现，暴露于密度为100和500cells/mL的塔玛亚历山大藻中，36h后，扇贝受精卵的孵化率分别为对照组的30%和5%，在实验范围内，三角褐指藻和赤潮异弯藻对受精卵孵化无影响，而另一塔玛亚历山大藻灌株ATCI02对受精卵孵 化有显著影响，指数生长前期时的藻对受精卵的毒性最大，原肠期之前各阶段的胚胎对塔玛亚历山大藻毒性最敏感，在密度为3000cells/mL以上的塔玛亚历山大藻中，早期D型幼虫存活和活力开始显著下降，在密度为5000cells/mL藻中暴露20d或10000cells/mL藻中暴露14d后，D型连续剧虫的存活率为0。塔玛亚历山大藻产生的毒性物质为非PSP毒素的一类未知毒素。     

中国废荧光灯管理现状分析与政策建议研究

废荧光灯舍有汞,如不分类收集与处理,其所含的汞将分散或集中进入环境,影响人体健康.中国目前仍有大量工业、商业、大型公建与居民产生的废荧光灯未纳入正规管理渠道.本文从中国大陆废荧光灯的产生情况、含汞量水平以及荧光灯中汞对环境与人体的潜在危害等方面分析,评估了中国废荧光灯管理的必要性.结合中国废荧光灯管理的现状,提出了短期与长期管理政策建议.     

城市再生水景观利用水质维护方法研究

城市再生水景观回用的主要问题是水体富营养化导致水华的暴发。水体一旦爆发水华,将导致水体透明度下降,溶解氧降低,水生植物和鱼类大量死亡。常用的城市景观水体富营养化的防治技术有污染源控制、物理治理技术、化学治理技术和生物修复技术。在面积为100 m2的中试试验基地采用多种技术联用控制水华爆发,结果表明:人工湿地对COD,TN,NH3-N,STP和叶绿素的去除率分别为17%、19%、64%、21%和91%。某水力曝气溶氧过滤设备对这5项指标的去除率分别为6%、1%、6%、0%和61%。结合两种技术的其他特点,人工湿地适合于景观水的日常维护。某循环过滤设备适合于水华爆发的应急处理。     

Adsorption behavior of phosphate on Lanthanum(Ⅲ) doped mesoporous silicates material

A series of lanthanum doped meosoporous MCM-41 (La_xM41, x is Si/La molar ratio) was prepared by sol-gel method. The surface structure of the materials was investigated with X-ray diffraction and N_2 adsorption/desorption technique. The content of La in the materials was determined by ICP. It was found that the La content of La_(25)M41, La_(50)M41 and La_(100)M41 was 7.53%, 3.89% and 2.32%, respectively. The phosphate adsorption capacities increased with increasing amount of La incorporation. With 0.40 g La_(25)M41 99.7% phosphate could be removed. The effects of Si/La molar ratio, La_xM41 dose, pH, initial concentration of phosphate solution, co-ions on phosphate adsorption were also evaluated. The phosphate adsorption kinetics of La_xM41 could be well-described by the pseudo second-order model, and Langmuir isotherm fit equilibrium data much better than the Freundlich isotherm.     

SBR系统中好氧颗粒污泥脱氮特性研究

以颗粒污泥为研究对象,在序批式反应器中研究了不同运行模式(有厌氧段和无厌氧段两种模式)和不同碳氮比(COD与NH₄⁺-N质量比取6、10、14)下,颗粒污泥对氨氮、总无机氮的去除情况.比较了2种运行模式应用于颗粒污泥脱氮中的差别和优劣.采用分段函数的方法对不同碳氮比下的氨氮去除曲线进行了分割,对曝气第一阶段(碳源富足阶段)和曝气第二阶段(碳源贫乏阶段)的氨氮去除曲线进行了拟合,发现其线性化特征明显.计算了不同碳氮比下曝气前后期氨氮去除速率,并简要分析了好氧颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化脱氮的作用机理.     

浅析黄河流域及黄淮海平原降水时空分布特征及其与水资源合理利用之互补

黄河是西北-华北地区工农业生产和生活的重要水资源。如何结合流域内降水时空分布特征及农业需水规律,适应自然条件和经济发展,对黄河水从时间、空间、数量上进行调节性利用,达到河水与降水互补,对于充分利用黄河水资源具有重要意义。本文就此问题进行研究,用经验正交函数分解的方法对黄河流域不同年型和主要作物发育期的降水时空分布进行分析,并根据分析结果提出了合理利用黄河水资源的建议。     

水锰矿氧化水溶性硫化物过程及其影响因素

作为表生环境中易生成且分布广泛的氧化锰矿物,水锰矿参与水溶性硫化物的氧化反应,影响其迁移、转化和归趋.本研究考察了水锰矿氧化水溶性硫化物(S~(2-))的过程与产物,探讨了初始pH、氧气对反应速率与中间产物的影响,X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)和透射电镜(TEM)表征水锰矿与水溶性硫化物反应固相产物晶体结构、组分和微观形貌;分光光度计、高效液相色谱仪和离子色谱仪分析S~(2-)及其氧化物的浓度与变化趋势.结果表明水锰矿氧化S~(2-)产物主要为单质S,起始pH降低可加速S~(2-)的初始氧化反应,对产物组成并无显著影响;有氧环境中单质S会进一步氧化生成S_2O_3~(2-),且水锰矿表现出良好的催化作用与化学稳定性,反应约10 h,晶体结构保持稳定.     

麦秸水热炭及其改良产物对水稻产量和稻田氨挥发排放的影响

水热炭的酸性特性及材料吸附性质为其稻田回用及氨挥发损失控制提供了可能.为实现农业废弃物的资源化利用和稻田环境损失控制,本研究以小麦秸秆为原材料,通过土柱模拟试验,考察了麦秸水热炭（WHC）及其水洗改良产物（W-WHC）对水稻产量和稻田氨挥发排放的影响.结果表明,麦秸水热炭及其改良产物稻田回用能够增加水稻产量,低量添加（0.5%）的增产效应高于高量添加（1.5%）处理.低量添加下,WHC和W-WHC处理的水稻产量分别较对照处理（CKU）增加17.16%和20.20%.结果同时表明,除W-WHC低量添加处理的氨挥发损失量与对照相当,水热炭及其改良产物添加均能够减少稻田氨挥发损失.其中,WHC低量添加和W-WHC高量添加处理的稻田氨挥发损失显著低于CKU处理,NH₃挥发累积排放量分别减少31.01%和17.40%.阶段氨挥发损失结果分析表明,水热炭添加对稻田氨挥发损失的控制效应主要集中在蘖肥期和穗肥期,水热炭添加后蘖肥期田面水氮素浓度的变化和穗肥期田面水pH的改变是秸秆水热炭添加后稻田氨挥发控制的主要驱动因素.结果说明,适宜用量下小麦秸秆碳化还田可以在提高作物产量的同时减少稻田氨挥发损失,是一种适于农业副产物资源化利用的良好方式.     

Environmental flows and its evaluation of restoration effect based on LEDESS model in Yellow River Delta wetlands

Due to freshwater supplement scarcity and heavy human activities, the fresh water wetland ecosystem in Yellow River Delta is facing disintegrated deterioration, and it is seriously affecting the health of the Yellow River ecosystem. This paper identifies the restoration objectives of wetland aiming to protect ecological and economic values and development as well as the water resources of the Yellow River. The hydraulic and groundwater coupling model and Landscape Ecological Decision and Evaluation Support System (LEDESS) of the Yellow River Delta were established to calculate environmental flows of degraded wetlands. LEDESS is a computer-based model developed and used to assess and evaluate the effects of land-use changes on nature. In this study, LEDESS is used to assess and evaluate the ecological effects and the restoration possibilities considering several environmental flows’ supplement scenarios. This included the changes of suitable habitat conditions and its ecological carrying capacities for indicator species, e.g., Red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis), Oriental stork (Ciconia boyciana), and Saunder’s gull (Larus relictus), and changing of ecological patterns. The results showed that replenishing fresh water to wetlands is one of the effective adaptive measures to mitigate wetland degradation and improve its habitat quality and carrying capacities. This study indicated that landscape ecology approach is not only considered as a good way to solve complex problems in ecosystem management but also can be used to decide on the environmental flows and assess its ecological effects in large-scale wetland rehabilitation. This integrated method could make environmental flows estimated and assessment more rational than the results of hydrologic methods. It could assist decision makers to “see” the ecological effects after water supplementing and so alleviate the contradictions between environmental flows and production water demands, and can facilitate the implementation of environmental flows in most countries with water resources shortage.