云南宣威肺癌高发区C1煤燃烧排放颗粒物中PAHs的组成特征及健康风险

宣威煤燃烧排放产物与其所导致的肺癌高发率一直是国际学术界关注的热点,但煤燃烧排放颗粒物中的关键致毒组分还不清楚。以肺癌高发区产出的晚二叠世C1煤燃烧排放不同粒径颗粒物为研究对象,分析其中主要有害有机污染物多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征及其健康风险。结果表明宣威煤燃烧排放的颗粒物中16种PAHs的总质量浓度为77 359.21 ng·m-3,其中含量最高的是苯并(g,h,i)苝,其他主要的PAHs依此为:屈、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(a)蒽、荧蒽、二苯并(a,h)蒽、菲、苯并(k)荧蒽、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘;强致癌化合物苯并a芘(Ba P)总浓度亦可达到10 060.13 ng·m-3;这些有害有机物主要分布在细颗粒物中;不同粒径颗粒物的毒性当量存在明显差异,细颗粒的毒性当量占可吸入颗粒物中PAHs总毒性当量的87.4%,远高于粗颗粒(12%)和超细颗粒物(0.4%)的毒性当量。     

Industrial solid waste flow analysis of eco-industrial parks: implications for sustainable waste management in China

Sustainable waste management in the industrial ecology perspective brings enormous challenges to the existing methodology of waste analysis at the industrial park (IP) scale. In this study, a four-step method was proposed for industrial solid waste (ISW) flow analysis of eco-industrial parks (EIPs) and applied to two IPs in eastern China. According to a park-wide census of 619 industrial enterprises and 105 questionnaires by a survey from 2006 to 2008, the results indicated that: 1) at the enterprise scale, more than 60% of enterprises were small-ISW-generation enterprises which encountered great difficulties on effective waste management; 2) at the IP scale, though the two IPs have set up their own environmental management systems and passed the ISO 14001 certification, the efficiencies of the ISW management systems have yet to be improved in the industrial ecology perspective; and 3) at the regional scale, more than 97% of ISW flowed within the provincial region, indicating that the provincial governments prevented the wastes from flowing into their own “back yard”. Effective waste management should be placed in a broader perspective. Approaches to sustainable waste management may include wastes exchange, efficient waste and information flow, virtual EIP, waste minimization clubs and regionalization of waste management.     

番茄对污染土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯的吸收累积特征

利用盆栽实验研究了番茄对污染土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的吸收积累特征。结果表明,番茄根系、茎、叶和果实均可以吸收累积PAEs化合物,其含量与土壤污染程度成正相关;相同处理的番茄茎、叶和果实中邻苯二甲酸正丁酯(DBP)含量均高于邻苯二甲酸异辛酯(DEHP),而番茄根系中DBP的含量低于DEHP; 4个不同处理方式土壤中DBP和DEHP的残留量顺序均为:灭菌土壤组灭菌土壤种植番茄苗组未灭菌土壤组未灭菌土壤种植番茄苗组。无论是灭菌处理还是未灭菌处理,有番茄苗组土壤中PAEs含量均低于无番茄苗组,未灭菌土壤种植番茄苗组土壤中PAEs残留量最低,PAEs削减率高达96.39%,有番茄苗组微生物数量大于无番茄苗组。这些说明土壤中PAEs的削减是番茄植物和微生物协同作用的结果。     

蟛蜞菊水提液对水华蓝藻——卵孢金孢藻的化感作用研究

为探究陆生植物对水华蓝藻的化感作用,本文采用不同浓度的蟛蜞菊(Wedelia chinensis)水提液对卵孢金孢藻(Chrysosporum ovalisporum)进行了为期6 d的室内培养试验,结果发现:蟛蜞菊水提液对卵孢金孢藻的化感作用总体上呈"低促高抑";当蟛蜞菊水提液浓度大于6 g·L~(-1)时,将显著降低卵孢金孢藻光合作用有效量子效率(YⅡ)、最大量子产量(Fv/Fm)、叶绿素a(Chla)含量和藻细胞生物量(P0.01);当浓度大于8 g·L~(-1)时,单位藻细胞内的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),表明蓝藻细胞受到较强的胁迫作用;透射电镜观察结果表明:高浓度蟛蜞菊水提液会破坏细胞膜,导致藻细胞内的类囊体、羧基体、气囊等超微结构受损,并最终导致藻细胞溶解、藻丝断裂和死亡。此外,本文利用Logisitic模型研究了蟛蜞菊水提液对卵孢金孢藻的半效应浓度(EC50),其24 h、48 h、72 h和144 h的EC50分别为:3.78 g·L~(-1)、4.47 g·L~(-1)、4.72 g·L~(-1)和6.55 g·L~(-1)。本研究为中国湖泊蓝藻水华的防治增添了基础数据和新的技术思路。     

包装材料及食品中纳米材料的检测与表征技术

随着纳米技术的发展,纳米材料在包装行业及食品工业中得到了广泛的应用。然而,纳米材料的安全应用高度依赖于对其生物及环境效应的了解。有研究表明,纳米材料对人类健康及生态环境存在着潜在危害,这使得纳米材料的安全性成为毒理学领域的热点研究课题。同时纳米材料的安全性问题也成为纳米复合包装材料及纳米食品研究和开发的新瓶颈。在对纳米材料没有充分认识的情况下,为了消费者和生态环境的安全,必须控制包装材料及食品中纳米颗粒的种类、来源、含量及可能的释放,这就需要可靠的方法对纳米颗粒的性质和结构进行检测及表征。首先,综述了目前纳米材料在复合包装材料及食品加工中的应用,然后总结了包装材料及食品中纳米材料的检测技术及表征方法,例如显微技术、色谱分离技术、光谱与质谱技术等。由于纳米材料的理化性质参数众多,应用多种分析手段来检测和表征纳米材料成为必然。最后对目前检测技术及表征方法的不足和今后发展方向进行了探讨。     

吡啶硫酮金属对华美盘管虫抗氧化性的影响

我国近岸局部海域的重金属污染严重威胁着生态环境和人类健康。吡啶硫酮铜(CuPT)和吡啶硫酮锌(ZnPT)在海洋防污和化工产品中的应用近来逐年增加,对其生态毒性及其机理进行研究迫在眉睫。本文以我国南海常见多毛类——华美盘管虫(Hydroides elegans Haswell)为受试生物,研究了CuPT和ZnPT对华美盘管虫的抗氧化系统的影响。试验结果表明在CuPT和ZnPT胁迫下,华美盘管虫体内的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性,以及还原型谷胱甘肽含量(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)含量发生与暴露毒物种类、浓度和时间相关的变化。SOD、CAT和GR的活性在较低浓度(25μg·L~(-1))的CuPT胁迫6 h后呈显著上升趋势,但随暴露时间延长(12 h和24 h),GR的活性显著下降;而暴露于较低浓度(50μg·L~(-1))的Zn PT中,仅SOD活性显著升高,CAT和GR的活性都显著下降。在较高Cu PT(100μg·L~(-1))或Zn PT(200μg·L~(-1))浓度中,CAT和GR的活性都显著下降。GSH含量对Cu PT或Zn PT胁迫的响应呈现明显的时间效应,即随暴露时间的延长,通常由显著上升转为显著下降。MDA含量在Cu PT(100μg·L~(-1))或Zn PT(200μg·L~(-1))高浓度组中呈显著升高趋势。     

Thermal Properties and Biodegradability Studies of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)

For investigating the relationship between thermal properties and biodegradability of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), several films of PHBV containing different polyhydroxyvalerate (HV) fractions were subjected to degradation in different conditions for up to 49 days. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), specimen weight loss and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to characterize the thermal properties and enzymatic biodegradability of PHBV. The experimental results suggest that the degradation rates of PHBV films increase with decreasing crystallinity; the degradability of PHBV occurring from the surface is very significant under enzymatic hydrolysis; the crystallinity of PHBV decreased with the increase of HV fraction in PHBV; and no decrease in molecular weight was observed in the partially-degraded polymer.     

Assessment of the redistribution of soil carbon using a new index—a case study in the Haihe River Basin,North China

Soil carbon redistribution is an important process in the terrestrial carbon cycle. This study describes a new index, soil carbon redistribution (SCR) index, that can be used to assess long-term soil carbon redistribution at a large watershed scale. The new index is based on the theoretical preconditions that soil carbon redistribution is mainly controlled by vegetation type, precipitation, topography/slope, and soil carbon concentration. The Haihe River Basin served as an example for this analysis. The SCR index was calculated, and a GIS-based map shows its spatial patterns. The results suggested that soil carbon was usually prone to being carried away from mountainous regions with natural vegetation, while it was prone to deposition in the plain and plateau regions with cultivated vegetation. The methods in the paper offer a tool that can be used to quantify the potential risk where soil carbon is prone to being carried away and deposited in a large watershed.     

Environmental mercury contamination of an artisanal zinc smelting area in Weining County, Guizhou, China

To investigate the extent of Hg contamination due to artisanal Zn smelting activities in Weining County, northwestern Guizhou, China, total Hg and methyl mercury (MeHg) concentrations in soil and surface water were determined. Samples of corn plants growing in the study area were also collected for total Hg analysis. A high geometric mean Hg emission factor of 75gHgt(-1)Zn was estimated and significantly elevated total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentrations were found in the atmosphere adjacent to the Zn smelting sites, ranging from 30 to 3814ngm(-3). Total Hg and MeHg concentrations in topsoil samples ranged from 62 to 355microgkg(-1) and from 0.20 to 1.1microgkg(-1), respectively. Total Hg Concentrations in corn plant tissues increased in the order of grains相似文献   

曝气对电解除磷的影响研究

针对高浓度含磷废水,重点分析了电解除磷工艺中曝气对磷去除率、pH、电导率、电极钝化的影响.结果表明:(1)在电流密度为20 mA/cm2、磷初始质量浓度为200 mg/L,初始pH为5.5～6.5的条件下,当曝气量为1.0、1.5、2.0 L/min时,60 min内磷去除率均接近100%,而且出水中未检测出磷,符合<污水综合排放标准>(GB 8978-1996)中一级标准,30～40 min内,磷去除率达到了95%以上,磷残余质量浓度小于10 mg/L,相比未曝气的情况,磷去除率有了显著提高;(2)在电流密度为20 mA/cm2、磷初始质量浓度为200 mg/L、初始pH约为3的条件下,曝气溶液的pH在前30 min呈上升趋势.30 rain后趋于平缓,最终停留在8左右;(3)在电流密度为20 mA/cm2、磷初始质量浓度为200 mg/L、初始pH约为3的条件下,曝气溶液的电导率在整个电解除磷过程中先逐步下降,30～40 min后逐步趋于稳定;(4)曝气对于抑制电极钝化、提高磷去除率有着显著效果.