Water environment protection and sustainable development in townlet of China: A case study in Taicang

The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model was applied to investigate the relationship between economic growth and water environment quality based on panel data of Taicang during 2010–2017. The typical inversed-U shaped relationship has been obtained between GDP (gross domestic product) and indicators of ammonia, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), respectively. The EKC turning point appeared when the GDP per capita was around US$2270, which was much lower than those in some developed countries (US$11,200). However, the decoupling between chemical oxygen demand (COD) and GDP per capita occurred even before this period, which should be attributed to the strict COD emission regulation being implemented since 2010. Further, analysis based on the Tapio decoupling coefficient elasticity model analyzed the ammonia nitrogen and economic development of each industry. We found that the agriculture no-point was strong decoupling in 2011–2014, then came to Recessive decoupling. The domestic wastewater had been in a strong decoupling state; Both urban non-point and industry experienced expansive negative decoupling, due to strict policy that prioritizes the environment over development and the investment in improvement of environment and techniques, both of them gradually came to strong decoupling. The result demonstrated that the EKC turning point could be appear in earlier economic stage and the decoupling coefficient elasticity could be improved through taking strong regulation measures.     

Molecular characterization of transformation and halogenation of natural organic matter during the UV/chlorine AOP using FT-ICR mass spectrometry

UV/chlorine process, as an emerging advanced oxidation process (AOP), was effective for removing micro-pollutants via various reactive radicals, but it also led to the changes of natural organic matter (NOM) and formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). By using negative ion electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS), the transformation of Suwannee River NOM (SRNOM) and the formation of chlorinated DBPs (Cl-DBPs) in the UV/chlorine AOP and subsequent post-chlorination were tracked and compared with dark chlorination. In comparison to dark chlorination, the involvement of ClO^?, Cl^?, and HO^? in the UV/chlorine AOP promoted the transformation of NOM by removing the compounds owning higher aromaticity (AI_mod) value and DBE (double-bond equivalence)/C ratio and causing the decrease in the proportion of aromatic compounds. Meanwhile, more compounds which contained only C, H, O, N atoms (CHON) were observed after the UV/chlorine AOP compared with dark chlorination via photolysis of organic chloramines or radical reactions. A total of 833 compounds contained C, H, O, Cl atoms (CHOCl) were observed after the UV/chlorine AOP, higher than 789 CHOCl compounds in dark chlorination, and one-chlorine-containing components were the dominant species. The different products from chlorine substitution reactions (SR) and addition reactions (AR) suggested that SR often occurred in the precursors owning higher H/C ratio and AR often occurred in the precursors owning higher aromaticity. Post-chlorination further caused the cleavages of NOM structures into small molecular weight compounds, removed CHON compounds and enhanced the formation of Cl-DBPs. The results provide information about NOM transformation and Cl-DBPs formation at molecular levels in the UV/chlorine AOP.     

基于无人机观测研究杭州湾化工园区近地面层臭氧垂直廓线

为了解化工园区大气污染情况,使用自主研制的微型大气检测仪结合无人机研究化工园区臭氧(O₃)垂直廓线,在2020年8月~2021年1月于杭州湾上虞经济技术开发区开展了12d无人机外场观测实验.各观测日从08:00~18:00每隔1h进行一次飞行观测,每次观测分别获得了离地面0,50,100,200,300,400,500m的O₃、总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)和二氧化氮(NO₂)浓度.结果表明:受气象因素、地面工厂排放以及早晚出行高峰的影响,TVOCs和NO₂浓度整体随高度增加而下降,其中NO₂浓度随高度上升而下降的幅度较明显,在0m处浓度为19.7~59.1μg/m³,500m处为5.9~21.7μg/m³,下降率为40~70%,TVOCs和NO₂浓度都呈现出早晚高、正午低的日变化趋势,此外可能受逆温层的影响导致个别天数NO₂浓度在400~500m不降反升;O₃受前体物光化学反应、太阳辐射强度及平流层输送的影响,其浓度随高度增加而下降,平均浓度在0m处为49.2μg/m³,500m处为98.4μg/m³,O₃日变化浓度在15:00~17:00达到峰值.TVOCs和O₃、NO₂和O₃在各高度浓度均呈负相关,受不同季节气象因素差异和冬季取暖排放增加的影响,O₃浓度季节变化为夏>秋>冬,TVOCs和NO₂浓度为冬季>秋季>夏季.后向轨迹聚类分析表明化工园区本地O₃浓度会受区域输送影响升高,在冬季时由于气温低不利于前体物生成O₃,本地O₃浓度受区域输送影响较夏季小.     

Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a sediment core from Lake Dagze Co, Tibetan Plateau, China: Comparison of three receptor models

Receptor models are a useful tool for identifying sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in multiple environmental media. In this study, three different receptor models (including the principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and Unmix models) were used to apportion the sources of 16 priority PAHs in a sediment core of Lake Dagze Co. The ∑PAHs (sum of all 16 measured PAHs) concentrations ranged from 51.89 to 132.82 ng/g with an average of 80.39 ng/g. The ∑PAHs were dominated by 2-3 ring PAHs, accounting for 80.12% on average, thereby indicating that they mainly originated from biomass and coal combustion and/or from long-range atmospheric transportation. The three models produced consistent source apportionment results. The greatest contributor to ∑PAHs was biomass combustion, followed by coal combustion, vehicle emissions, and petrogenic sources. Moreover, the temporal variation of the common sources was well-correlated among models. The multi-method comparison and evaluation results showed that all three models were useful tools for source apportionment of PAHs, with the PMF model providing better results than the PCA-MLR and Unmix models. The temporal trends of factor contributions were verified by PAHs with different ring numbers. Significant correlations were found between the simulated concentrations of each source factor and the PAHs with different ring numbers (P<0.01), except for the petrogenic source identified by the Unmix model (P>0.05). This study can provide useful information for further investigation of source apportionment of PAHs in the sediment cores.     

灰色关联在城市生活垃圾处理方案优选中的应用

根据城市生活垃圾和其处理技术的特点,运用灰色关联法建立数学模型,并应用于南方某城市生活垃圾处理方案的优选。该城市2020年的预计生活垃圾产生情况:总人口为131.5万,生活垃圾产生量为1404.5 t/d,其中可回收垃圾量为483.5 t/d。拟采用备选方案:方案1为卫生填埋;方案2为分类资源化,可回收垃圾回收,不可回收垃圾卫生填埋;方案3为分类资源化,可回收垃圾回收,不可回收垃圾焚烧。通过灰色关联模型计算,求得灰色关联度ε2>ε3>ε1。结果表明,方案2为该城市生活垃圾处理的最佳方案;表明灰色关联法简易可行,利用其得出的结论具有一定的参考价值。     

草粉担载Na2CO3可逆脱硫吸附剂的制备及脱硫活性

通过浸渍方法,制备了5%～90%(质量分数)担载量Na₂CO₃/草粉脱硫剂.实验结果表明,较小的草粉粒度(≤0.28mm)和较低的气体流量(40mL/min)有利于SO₂脱除,但是脱硫温度(70℃～300℃)对脱硫效果影响不大.利用XRD,SEM,ATR-IR等分析手段,研究了草粉改性Na₂CO₃脱硫吸附剂的机理.实验证明:改性Na₂CO₃吸附剂高效脱硫的机理主要在于吸附剂表面结构的无定形态,因而具有比较大的比表面积(12.14m²/g)和孔体积(0.093cm³/g).     

水平排水孔地下水位线附近淤堵机理分析

水平排水孔作为滑坡治理中最广泛应用的排水技术,其淤堵问题严重影响使用寿命与效益。机械淤堵是水平排水孔的主要淤堵形式,尤其是水平排水孔地下水位线附近淤堵作用强烈。通过模型试验探究仰角、间歇性排水、回渗等因素对水平排水孔淤堵的影响,根据模型试验结果分析水平排水孔在地下水位线附近的淤堵机理。结果表明:水平排水孔的淤堵位置与渗流路径有关,小仰角是造成水平排水孔淤堵的重要原因,间歇性排水及回渗问题都会加重其淤堵,泥沙在水流中的沉积作用和细颗粒泥沙的絮凝作用是水平排水孔机械淤堵发生的原因。     

活性炭催化臭氧氧化处理低浓度氨氮废水

采用活性炭催化臭氧氧化法处理低浓度氨氮废水,考察了模拟废水pH、活性炭加入量、臭氧流量等因素对处理效果的影响.实验结果表明:活性炭对臭氧有明显的催化作用,并可提高臭氧的利用率;在高pH条件下,OH-能促进臭氧分解生成·OH,·OH氧化性强且反应速率快,有利于氨氮的去除;增大臭氧流量可减小气液传质过程中的阻力,使氨氮去除率增加;在初始氨氮质量浓度为35 mg/L、活性炭加入量为10.0 g/L、臭氧流量为30 mg/min、模拟废水pH为11.0的条件下,反应90 min后,氨氮去除率可达97.6％,相对于单独活性炭吸附和臭氧氧化过程,氨氮去除率有了显著提高.     

大口径毛细管柱气相色谱法在聚酯废气组成分析中的应用

采用直接进样大口径毛细管柱气相色谱法，可同时测定聚酯废气中乙烯、乙醛、乙酸、2－甲基－1，3－二氧戊环、三聚乙醛等污染物含量。进样量为1mL时，方法对乙烯、乙醛、乙酸、2－甲基－1，3－二氧戊环、三聚乙醛的最低检出浓度分别为1.0mg/m^3,2.3mg/m^3,7.3mg/m^3,2.7mg/m^3,3.3mg/m^3，回标回收率为92.0%-97.9%，相对标准偏差为1.8%-2.9%。对某煤厂聚酯废气进行实测，取得了较为满意的结果。     

贵州大暴雨的湿位涡诊断分析

利用MM5中尺度模式对贵州2002年6月18日00时~19日00时的暴雨天气过程进行了数值模拟,利用模式输出的基本物理量分析了相当位温并计算出了湿位涡正压、斜压项的值,通过对它们的诊断分析发现:贵州大暴雨随500hPa"漏斗"形MPV1高值区的形成、增强、减弱而开始、增强、减弱。而且还发现高低层MPV1"正负值区垂直叠加"的配置是暴雨发生、发展的有利形势。500hPa上MPV2正值区与对流性降水区对应很好,而且强度变化也一致。