1961～2015年贵州高原≥10℃积温时空变化特征

为揭示贵州高原≥10℃积温精细动态变化,以81个气象站点1961～2015年气温资料及地理信息数据为数据源,采用积温倾向率、累计距平、滑动T检验、小波分析、多元回归分析等统计方法,分析≥10℃的积温整体变化及周期变化,模拟各年代积温带空间变化。结果表明:(1) 1961～2015年≥10℃积温平均值为5 147. 22℃,1997年前后发生由冷到暖的突变,积温变化主周期约为3～5年,8年;(2) 1961～2015年、1961～1996年、1997～2015年≥10℃积温倾向率均值分别为49. 5℃/10a、-28. 1℃/10a、123. 5℃/10a,1961～1996年表现为降温趋势,1997～2015年表现为升温趋势,三个时间段积温倾向率均未通过显著性检验;(3)多元回归拟合≥10℃积温年代际空间分布,复相关系数均高于0. 92,积温空间分布呈现由西向东、由北向南升高的趋势;(4)不同年代际间积温带动态变化差异较大,1980s后约有60%以上区域表现为积温带Ⅱ升为积温带Ⅲ,积温带Ⅲ升为Ⅳ,1990s后降温区域消失。积温资源的增加对受高原气候限制的贵州高原有重要影响,对调整农业气候区划,确定作物种植区域以及最优化利用热量资源更具有针对性。     

Effects of tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulfate pretreatment on characteristics of sewage sludge

Recently, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate(THPS) was found to play an important role in the sludge pretreatment process. However, the effects of THPS pretreatment on the characteristics of sewage sludge are still insufficiently understood.The properties of sludge after pretreatment with different concentrations of THPS were investigated in this study. The results showed that pH, dewatering ability, and particle size of sludge decreased with increase in THPS concentration. The volatile suspended solids(VSS) and total suspended solids(TSS) of sludge also decreased slightly with increase in THPS concentration. The specific oxygen uptake rate(SOUR) results suggested that lower THPS concentrations(≤ 1.87 mg/g VSS) enhanced the activity of sludge, but higher concentrations(≥ 1.87 mg/g VSS) inhibited it. Gram-negative bacteria with peritrichous flagellation(such as Pseudomonas, Escherichia, and Faecalibacterium) were extremely sensitive to THPS. The decrease in specific most probable numbers(MPNs) of pathogens(total coliforms and Escherichia coli) with the increase in THPS concentration also proved the sterilization ability of THPS in the sludge pretreatment process. Pretreatment of sludge with concentrations of THPS higher than 37.41 mg/g VSS would meet the pathogen requirements for land application of Class A biosolids.     

A strategy for enhancing anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge: Driving anodic oxidation by adding nitrate into microbial electrolysis cell

Cathodic reduction of CO₂ and anodic oxidation of organic matters are crucial to methane-producing microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) applied in anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge. However, cathodic CO₂ reduction is usually restrained by slow metabolism rates of H₂-utilizing methanogens and low electron-capturing capacity of CO₂, which consequently slows down the anodic oxidation that participates to sludge disintegration. Herein, a strategy with adding nitrate as electron acceptor to foster electronic transfer between the anode and cathode was proposed to improve anodic oxidation. Results showed that the average efficiency of anodic oxidation in the nitrate-added MEC increased by 55.9%. Accordingly, volatile suspended solid removal efficiency in the nitrate-added MEC was 21.9% higher than that of control MEC. Although the initial cumulative methane production in the nitrate-added MEC was lower than that of control MEC, the cumulative methane production in 24?days was 8.9% higher. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that anodic oxidation of MEC with nitrate accelerated the disintegration of sludge flocs and cell walls. Calculation on current signal further revealed that anodic oxidation driven by cathodic nitrate reduction was the main mechanism responsible for the improved sludge digestion.     

Aerosol optical properties and the mixing state of black carbon at a background mountainous site in Eastern China

In-situ measurements of aerosol optical properties were conducted at Mt. Huang from September 23 to October 28, 2012. Low averages of 82.2, 10.9, and 14.1 Mm~(-1) for scattering coefficient(σ_(sp, neph, 550)), hemispheric backscattering coefficient(σ_(hbsp, neph, 550)), and absorption coefficient(σ_(ap, 550)), respectively, were obtained. Atmospheric aging process resulted in the increase of σap, 550 but the decrease of the single scattering albedo(ω_(550)) at constant aerosol concentration. However, the proportion of non-light-absorbing components(non-BCs) was getting higher during the aging process, resulting in the increase of aerosol diameter, which also contributed to relatively higher σ_(sp, neph, 550) and ω_(550). Diurnal cycles of σ_(sp, neph, 550) and σ_(ap, 550) with high values in the morning and low values in the afternoon were observed closely related to the development of the planetary boundary layer and the mountain-valley breeze. BC mixing state, represented by the volume fraction of externally mixed BC to total BC(r), was retrieved by using the modified Mie model.The results showed r reduced from about 70% to 50% when the externally mixed non-BCs were considered. The periodical change and different diurnal patterns of r were due to the atmospheric aging and different air sources under different synoptic systems. Local biomass burning emissions were also one of the influencing factors on r. Aerosol radiative forcing for different mixing state were evaluated by a "two-layer-single-wavelength" model,showing the cooling effect of aerosols weakened with BC mixing state changing from external to core-shell mixture.     

垃圾填埋有色溶解性有机质与铜络合机制

为了阐明填埋场中重金属的形态演变机制,采用三维荧光光谱、荧光猝灭滴定技术及平行因子分析,研究了不同填埋年限垃圾中有色溶解性有机物(colored dissolved organic matter,CDOM)与Cu(Ⅱ)的络合过程.结果表明,填埋垃圾CDOM中含有类蛋白、类富里酸及类胡敏酸物质,随着填埋时间的延伸,类蛋白物质含量呈下降趋势,而类富里酸和类胡敏酸含量呈上升趋势.填埋垃圾CDOM中类蛋白物质对Cu(Ⅱ)络合能力和参与络合的荧光基团比例存在差异,络合的条件稳定常数在4.00~5.75之间,参与络合的荧光基团比例在22.78%~95.30%之间;而类腐殖质与Cu(Ⅱ)作用的条件稳定常数和参与络合的荧光基团比例变化较小,类胡敏酸物质与Cu(Ⅱ)络合的条件稳定常数在4.71~5.54之间,参与络合的荧光基团比例在42.35%~61.46%之间,类富里酸物质与Cu(Ⅱ)络合的条件稳定常数在4.44~5.25之间,参与络合的荧光基团比例在46.14%~57.22%之间.类富里酸和类胡敏酸与Cu(Ⅱ)的结合能力都随着填埋年限的增加而降低,但参与络合的荧光基团比例增加,并且类胡敏酸物质与重金属的结合能力强于类富里酸,但参与配位的官能团较类富里酸少.     

邯郸市大气PM_(2.5)成分空间分布研究

为研究邯郸市2015年PM_(2.5)的污染状况,采用河北工程大学监测站全年PM_(2.5)浓度和气象在线监测数据以及4个代表月4个站点离线采样成分数据,分析了PM_(2.5)的浓度水平与气象要素的关系以及其化学组分特征。结果表明:PM_(2.5)的年均浓度为91.14μg/m~3,最高达到706.56μg/m~3;不同相对湿度条件下,PM_(2.5)浓度对邯郸地区能见度有较大影响。此外,邯郸静风频率较大,全年东南风风速较小,PM_(2.5)污染相对更加严重;PM_(2.5)中主要化学成分为SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+、OC和EC,4个站点采样无显著差异性。     

Preparation of Ti species coating hydrotalcite by chemical vapor deposition for photodegradation of azo dye

TiO_2 in anatase crystal phase is a very effective catalyst in the photocatalytic oxidation of organic compounds in water. To improve its photocatalytic activity, the Ti-coating Mg Al hydrotalcite(Ti–Mg Al–LDH) was prepared by chemical vapor deposition(CVD) method.Response surface method(RSM) was employed to evaluate the effect of Ti species coating parameters on the photocatalytic activity, which was found to be affected by the furnace temperature, N2 flow rate and influx time of precursor gas. Application of RSM successfully increased the photocatalytic efficiency of the Ti–Mg Al–LDH in methylene blue photodegradation under UV irradiation, leading to improved economy of the process.According to the results from X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Brunner–Emmet–Teller and Barrett–Joyner–Hallender, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra analyses, the Ti species(TiO_2or/and Ti~(4+)) were successfully coated on the Mg Al–LDH matrix. The Ti species on the surface of the Ti–Mg Al–LDH lead to a higher photocatalytic performance than commercial TiO_2-P25. The results suggested that CVD method provided a new approach for the industrial preparation of Ti-coating Mg Al–LDH material with good photocatalytic performances.     

氧化反应对偏二甲肼泄漏扩散过程影响的数值模拟研究

针对液体推进剂偏二甲肼与空气中氧气的反应对其泄漏扩散过程的影响进行数值模拟研究。以偏二甲肼长贮库房为研究区域,分别对不考虑氧化反应和考虑氧化反应的库房内偏二甲肼气体泄漏扩散过程进行了数值模拟,研究库房内偏二甲肼浓度的分布规律,并分析自发氧化反应对偏二甲肼泄漏扩散的浓度分布和温度分布的影响。结果表明:偏二甲肼与氧气自发发生的氧化反应对库房内的流场有显著影响,在库房内偏二甲肼泄漏扩散600s后,氧化反应导致泄漏源上方0~1.2m区域温度上升12K,偏二甲肼浓度为未考虑氧化反应条件下的8倍左右。     

关于建设项目生态补偿的思考

作为一种解决环境保护与经济社会发展矛盾的重要经济手段,生态补偿越来越受到人们关注。建设项目生态补偿是生态补偿的一个重要领域,但相对于其他领域而言,理论和实践研究均相对较少。结合实际案例研究,文章初次提出了建设项目生态补偿概念、原则及应注意的问题。最后,建议加强两方面研究,建设项目生态补偿内涵和范畴确定;建设项目生态补偿方式及标准确定。     

荆州市印染废水集中处理工程改造方案研究

通过对荆州市中环水业有限公司一期和二期印染废水处理工程差异的比较,在调查园区废水水质水量变化的基础上,对比了两期废水处理工程的工艺及处理效果,为二期工程的高效运行提供有价值参考.同时,通过对不同处理单元的设计规模、设计要求及运行参数等的综合分析,结合实际运行过程水质水量的调查,以COD、NH3-N、色度和悬浮物为主要评价参数,分析了工艺特点及处理效果,确定了各处理单元的最佳运行条件和对不同污染组分的去除特征,优化了各处理单元的运行条件和参数.