丙烯腈—醋酸乙烯二元共聚物超滤膜的制备及其性能表征

本文研究了丙烯腈-醋酸乙烯二元共聚物[P(AN-VAc)]超滤膜及其性能。研究了共聚物材料、铸膜液成份和成膜工艺条件对膜性能的影响,并对膜的物化稳定性和耐菌性能等进行了表征。实验表明,P(AN-VAc)是一种性能良好的膜材料,其对添加剂的适应性尤佳。本文还通过对红外光谱及电子显微镜扫描对膜的结构进行了初步探讨。     

1993年夏季的台风路径特征

１９９３年西北太平洋共生成２８个台风，其移动路径趋势有其独特性。有７个台风登陆日本；８个登陆菲律宾；７个台风登陆我国广东和海南省，直接损失高达７０亿元，为１９４９年以来最严重的一年。但没有一个台风登陆华东和华北沿海，这也是极为罕见的。本文分析了１９９３年台风移动的天气学原因，及其与厄尼诺现象的关系。并着重分析了台风移动路径的卫星云图特征。从而有助于判别台风究竟是北上转向，还是西行登陆我国。     

泥石流灾害的动力成因初探

本文从动力学成因角度分析泥石流灾害的形成机理，提出了泥石流起动的动力学临界条件通式和用实测资料分析确定泥石流起动临界判别式的方法。     

Lead toxicity thresholds in 17 Chinese soils based on substrate-induced nitrification assay

The influence of soil properties on toxicity threshold values for Pb toward soil microbial processes is poorly recognized. The impact of leaching on the Pb threshold has not been assessed systematically. Lead toxicity was screened in 17 Chinese soils using a substrate-induced nitrification (SIN) assay under both leached and unleached conditions. The effective concentration of added Pb causing 50% inhibition (EC50) ranged from 185 to > 2515 mg/kg soil for leached soil and 130 to > 2490 mg/kg soil for unleached soil. These results represented > 13- and > 19-fold variations among leached and unleached soils, respectively. Leaching significantly reduced Pb toxicity for 70% of both alkaline and acidic soils tested, with an average leaching factor of 3.0. Soil pH and CEC were the two most useful predictors of Pb toxicity in soils, explaining over 90% of variance in the unleached EC50 value. The relationships established in the present study predicted Pb toxicity within a factor of two of measured values. These relationships between Pb toxicity and soil properties could be used to establish site-specific guidance on Pb toxicity thresholds.     

细颗粒物(PM2.5)可溶性提取液对发光细菌的光抑制与组分浓度的相关性分析

为科学评估PM_(2.5)对生物体的综合生物效应,利用费氏弧菌检测了PM_(2.5)水溶性提取液的光抑制效应,统计分析了227组PM_(2.5)主要组分与发光抑制率的相关关系.实验结果表明:PM_(2.5)水溶性提取液的发光抑制率值与OC、NO-3、EC和微量元素等组分浓度显著相关,相关系数从高到低的排序为:OC微量元素ECNO-3(p0.01).PM_(2.5)中,主要来自燃煤、交通燃油、生物质燃烧及冶金工业污染源排放的组分(苯并(a)芘、Cl-、OC、Cu、K+、Mn、Zn、EC、Pb、Se、F-等)浓度与发光抑制率显著相关.此外,二次来源的NO-3、NH+4等组分浓度与发光抑制率在冬季和春季显著相关.     

风浪作用下太湖草型湖区水体N、P 动态负荷模拟

沉积物再悬浮;Y 型装置;沉降;营养盐;水生植物;太湖     

环境保护中公众参与的若干探讨

在中国,公众参与、辅助政府各项工作已经取得一定的进展,然而公众参与程度和方式有待进一步扩充和完善。由于一些环境问题的潜在高风险性以及部分公众环保意识的迅速增强,使得政府充分发挥民主作用,鼓励和引导更深、更广层次的公众参与成为迫切要求。本文将在充分认识公众参与环保事业现状的前提下,研究其特殊性与局限性,并重新明确、界定公众参与的对象,最后在识别已有条件和潜在机遇的基础上,探索如何充分利用信息化、市场化条件建立、完善各种公众参与渠道,进而创造生动、务实的公众参与环境保护的局面。     

水合电子的性质及其检测

水合电子是一种强还原剂,它由一个电子及其周围的六个水分子包围所组成[1-3]。它是被水分子团包围着的裸露电子,化学性质十分活泼,是目前已知还原剂中的最强者。除了氖和氦等个别物质外,水合电子几乎能与任何元素及化合物发生化学反应。它还能与某些物质合成许多极难合成的物质。水合电子在国外已经被研究了几十年,而国内对于水合电子的性质及研究方法了解的还比较少,本文着重介绍了水合电子的独特性能、检测方法、国内外的研究动态以及最新的研究热点等。     

生态示范区可持续发展评价

借鉴目前国内外区域可持续发展评价研究的成果 ,依据系统分析原理 ,从经济发展、社会发展、资源与生态安全、可持续发展能力、可持续发展度和系统协调度 6方面建立了综合测度生态示范区可持续发展水平的指标体系和计量模型。在实证研究中 ,对延安市宝塔区近 8a(1 992— 1 999年 )区域发展水平的量化评价结果表明 :宝塔区可持续发展水平呈逐步上升趋势 ,但目前仍处于弱可持续发展阶段 ,区域发展系统表现为低水平的协调状态     

Building statistical models to analyze species distributions.

Models of the geographic distributions of species have wide application in ecology. But the nonspatial, single-level, regression models that ecologists have often employed do not deal with problems of irregular sampling intensity or spatial dependence, and do not adequately quantify uncertainty. We show here how to build statistical models that can handle these features of spatial prediction and provide richer, more powerful inference about species niche relations, distributions, and the effects of human disturbance. We begin with a familiar generalized linear model and build in additional features, including spatial random effects and hierarchical levels. Since these models are fully specified statistical models, we show that it is possible to add complexity without sacrificing interpretability. This step-by-step approach, together with attached code that implements a simple, spatially explicit, regression model, is structured to facilitate self-teaching. All models are developed in a Bayesian framework. We assess the performance of the models by using them to predict the distributions of two plant species (Proteaceae) from South Africa's Cape Floristic Region. We demonstrate that making distribution models spatially explicit can be essential for accurately characterizing the environmental response of species, predicting their probability of occurrence, and assessing uncertainty in the model results. Adding hierarchical levels to the models has further advantages in allowing human transformation of the landscape to be taken into account, as well as additional features of the sampling process.