干湿循环与垃圾渗滤液耦合作用下GCL防渗性能

开展膨胀指数和渗透系数测定试验,研究干湿循环与垃圾渗滤液渗透耦合作用下膨润土的膨胀性能和土工合成黏土衬垫（GCL）防渗性能变化规律.结果表明,干湿循环与垃圾渗滤液渗透耦合作用对膨润土的膨胀性能和GCL的防渗性能具有显著负面影响：在7次干湿循环后,垃圾渗滤液饱和的膨润土的膨胀指数从20mL/2g降低至7.5mL/2g,GCL的渗透系数从1.65×10^-11m/s增加到1.89×10^-7m/s.膨胀指数下降和渗透系数升高的根本原因是膨润土渗透膨胀性能的丧失.单纯的垃圾渗滤液渗透不会改变GCL的渗透系数.将有效应力从20kPa升高至150kPa,可以促使GCL的渗透系数降低4个数量级,满足填埋场防渗要求（< 5.0x10^-11m/s）.     

Role of water on the H-abstraction from methanol by ClO

The influence of a single water molecule on the reaction mechanism and kinetics of hydrogen abstraction from methanol(CH_3OH) by the ClO radical has been investigated using ab initio calculations. The reaction proceeds through two channels: abstraction of the hydroxyl H-atom and methyl H-atom of CH_3OH by ClO, leading to the formation of CH_3O + HOCl(+H_2O) and CH_2OH + HOCl(+H_2O), respectively. In both cases, pre-and post-reactive complexes were located at the entrance and exit channel on the potential energy surfaces. Results indicate that the formation of CH_2OH + HOCl(+H_2O) is predominant over the formation of CH_3O + HOCl(+H_2O),with ambient rate constants of 3.07 × 10-19 and 3.01 × 10~(-23) cm~3/(molecule·sec), respectively, for the reaction without water. Over the temperature range 216.7–298.2K, the presence of water is seen to effectively lower the rate constants for the most favorable pathways by 4–6 orders of magnitude in both cases. It is therefore concluded that water plays an inhibitive role on the CH_3OH + ClO reaction under tropospheric conditions.     

Influences of accumulated mileage and technological changes on emissions of regulated pollutants from gasoline passenger vehicles

In this study, the influences of accumulated mileage(deterioration) and technological changes(emission standards) on emission factors(EFs) of regulated pollutants(CO, HC, and NO_x) from gasoline passenger vehicles were investigated based on Inspection and Maintenance(I/M) data using the chassis dynamometer method. The accumulated mileage of passenger vehicles was significantly linearly correlated with vehicle age. For most cases,the average EFs of CO, HC and NO_x were significantly linearly correlated with accumulated mileage, indicating that emission deterioration had a significant impact on pollutant EFs.Implemented emission standards markedly influenced the EFs of regulated pollutants, and EFs markedly decreased with progressing emission standards. The present study also compared EFs of regulated pollutants between this study and the International vehicle emission(IVE) model, and marked differences in EFs were seen with variations in emission standards, vehicle types and accumulated mileage; NO_x EFs in this study were higher than in the IVE model. The results provide new insight into estimating regulated pollutant emissions using the IVE model.     

人工模拟降雨条件下黄土坡面水-沙-氮磷流失特征

黄土坡沟水沙及养分流失严重,不仅造成土地生产力下降,对水环境也存在潜在威胁.为探索黄绵土坡面水沙氮磷流失相关关系,采用人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同雨强（45、60、75、90、105、120 mm/h）、不同坡度（5°、10°、15°、20°、25°）下黄土裸地水沙氮磷的流失规律.结果表明:①产流量可用坡度的二次多项式表达,确定系数（R2）达0.83以上,产沙量随雨强变化规律不明显,但随坡度增加呈显著增加趋势.②各雨强下,25°与5°坡面的ρ（TN）比值范围为1.63~5.42,波动较大,而ρ（TP）随坡度的增加基本呈增加趋势,但整体数值低于ρ（TN）.③各雨强下ρ（吸附态氮）随降雨历时的延长呈剧烈起伏变化;大雨强（105和120 mm/h）下ρ（吸附态磷）随降雨历时的延长逐渐减少至稳定值,其他雨强下ρ（吸附态磷）随降雨历时的延长呈现波动增加.各雨强与坡度下,ρ（吸附态氮）与ρ（吸附态磷）分别占ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）的60.66%、96.62%,是黄土裸坡氮磷的主要流失形式.④随水沙流失的氮磷中,TN占主要部分,其流失量是TP流失量的1.43~22.46倍,径流量增加时TN流失量显著增加,而产沙量增加时TP流失量显著增加.研究显示,雨强和坡度变化对水沙氮磷流失影响各异,吸附态氮磷是黄土养分流失的主要途径,可为黄土坡耕地水土流失治理提供科学依据.      

细颗粒物(PM2.5)可溶性提取液对发光细菌的光抑制与组分浓度的相关性分析

为科学评估PM_(2.5)对生物体的综合生物效应,利用费氏弧菌检测了PM_(2.5)水溶性提取液的光抑制效应,统计分析了227组PM_(2.5)主要组分与发光抑制率的相关关系.实验结果表明:PM_(2.5)水溶性提取液的发光抑制率值与OC、NO-3、EC和微量元素等组分浓度显著相关,相关系数从高到低的排序为:OC微量元素ECNO-3(p0.01).PM_(2.5)中,主要来自燃煤、交通燃油、生物质燃烧及冶金工业污染源排放的组分(苯并(a)芘、Cl-、OC、Cu、K+、Mn、Zn、EC、Pb、Se、F-等)浓度与发光抑制率显著相关.此外,二次来源的NO-3、NH+4等组分浓度与发光抑制率在冬季和春季显著相关.     

Lead toxicity thresholds in 17 Chinese soils based on substrate-induced nitrification assay

The influence of soil properties on toxicity threshold values for Pb toward soil microbial processes is poorly recognized. The impact of leaching on the Pb threshold has not been assessed systematically. Lead toxicity was screened in 17 Chinese soils using a substrate-induced nitrification (SIN) assay under both leached and unleached conditions. The effective concentration of added Pb causing 50% inhibition (EC50) ranged from 185 to > 2515 mg/kg soil for leached soil and 130 to > 2490 mg/kg soil for unleached soil. These results represented > 13- and > 19-fold variations among leached and unleached soils, respectively. Leaching significantly reduced Pb toxicity for 70% of both alkaline and acidic soils tested, with an average leaching factor of 3.0. Soil pH and CEC were the two most useful predictors of Pb toxicity in soils, explaining over 90% of variance in the unleached EC50 value. The relationships established in the present study predicted Pb toxicity within a factor of two of measured values. These relationships between Pb toxicity and soil properties could be used to establish site-specific guidance on Pb toxicity thresholds.     

铁路安全与人为失误问题的研究

安全是铁路各项工作的基石。为了更好地保障铁路运输的安全运营 ,除采用先进科技成果和应用现代安全管理方法外 ,还应该不断地总结经验教训。笔者分析了两起典型的铁路重大事故 ,从而得出事故的主要原因在于人。人在能动地改造自然界的过程中 ,有时会产生一些重大失误 ,所以要有效地控制人的因素 ,从而提高安全管理中的“自控、他控、互控”手段。     

袋式除尘器在燃煤电厂应用的技术特点

阐述了燃煤电厂烟气除尘的特点，提出了燃煤电厂采用袋式除尘器选用滤料时应注意的问题和保征除尘系统可靠运行的措施，并介绍了燃煤电厂袋式除尘系统的运行经验。     

像素法计算土地复垦方案非矢量化土地利用现状图斑面积

土地复垦方案编制过程中,需计算各地类面积,搜集的资料如果仅有非矢量化线条版土地利用现状图,如纸版或jpg、Tif等图像文件,统计各地类图斑块面积手工描图工作量比较大,且精确度不能满足方案需要,常常成为土地复垦方案编制效率提高的制约因素,笔者根据多年从事计算机技术及工程绘图经验,总结并实践了利用像素点法计算不规则形状图斑面积的方法,供环评、土地复垦工作者参考.