锡林郭勒草原荒漠化状况及原因分析

锡林郭勒草原的生态状况对我国北方大区域生态环境具有重要影响.野外调查与遥感数据分析表明,锡林郭勒草原退化现象十分严重,退化草原面积近64%,导致草地质量严重下降.由于自然条件与人为利用程度的差别,在不同的地理区域,草原退化程度也存在显著差异.研究表明,受植物生长发育节律的影响,在生长季初期(5月前半个月),植物群落的生产能力较低,是年内草原容易发生退化现象的"临界期",再加上牧草供应量存在年际波动而载畜量缺乏及时调整、超载过牧等都是造成草原退化的原因.     

高效生物强化技术处理焦化废水的中试研究

采用高效生物强化技术对焦化废水进行中试规模的处理研究。结果表明:处理系统的COD去除率可达到97%以上,氨氮和挥发酚的去除率分别达到97%和100%。出水水质满足GB13456-1992《钢铁工业水污染物排放标准》一级标准的要求。     

湿法烟气脱硫系统中影响脱硫效率的关键参数

湿法烟气脱硫作为一种相对成熟、脱硫效率较高的脱硫技术,得到了广泛的应用。结合贵州纳雍电厂4×300MW机组工程烟气脱硫工程,对燃煤电厂湿式石灰石-石膏脱硫系统的各种因素进行了理论分析,设置不同的影响因素,使之达到最佳的脱硫效率。     

一株产木聚糖酶的耐冷皮壳正青霉菌鉴定与酶谱分析

从青海冻土中分离得到1株产木聚糖酶的青霉菌QH11,通过菌落特征观察、显微特征观察和18S rDNA同源性序列分析,鉴定该菌为皮壳正青霉,其最适生长温度为20℃.该菌以玉米芯水不溶木聚糖为碳源,于20℃摇瓶培养,d 4木聚糖酶达到高峰,酶活为28.13 U/mL,比酶活为9.73 U/mg,粗酶液的最适温度为47.5℃.SDS-PAGE和酶谱分析表明,该菌可产生3种木聚糖酶,其亚基相埘分子质量(Mr)分别为20.5×103、23.0×103和35.0×103.图6参15     

华北地区能源及交通行业对极端天气的敏感性分析

选取1987─2010年华北五省市区(北京、天津、河北、山西、内蒙古)代表极端天气的HDD(采暖度日)、CDD(降温度日)和P(降水距平百分率)3个指标,通过建立Cobb-Douglas和超越对数2类生产函数,分析极端天气对华北五省市区的能源、交通2个行业产值影响的敏感性. 结果表明:CDD、P对2个行业产值的影响较小,HDD的影响较大. 能源行业产值对HDD、CDD及P的静态敏感系数最大值分别为0.29、0.10、0.07,表明这3个指标对能源行业产值的影响依次降低;交通行业产值对上述3个指标的敏感系数同样也依次减少. 动态敏感性分析表明,能源消费结构和交通运输方式决定了CDD、P对五省市区2个行业产值的影响较小,而HDD的影响相对较大且年际波动也大,即冰雪、寒潮对能源、交通2个行业产值的影响程度远大于高温热浪、洪涝、干旱等极端天气. 山西交通行业产值对极端天气的敏感性在五省市区中表现最为显著,HDD、CDD和P每增加1%,该省交通行业产值将分别变化-0.11%、0.11%、0.03%. 敏感性分析结果与五省市区极端天气事件的分布和2个行业产值的损失相吻合.      

Life cycle assessment of the winter wheat-summer maize production system on the North China Plain

A life cycle assessment (LCA) method was used to examine the environmental impact of the winter wheat-summer maize production system on the North China Plain. The LCA considered the entire system required to produce 1 ton each of winter wheat and summer maize. The analysis included raw material extraction and transportation, agrochemical production and transportation, and arable farming in the field. First, all emissions and resource consumption connected to the different processes were listed in a life cycle inventory (LCI) and related to a common unit (1 ton of grain). Subsequently, a life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) was conducted, in which the inventory data were aggregated into indicators for environmental effects, including energy depletion, climate change, acidification, aquatic eutrophication, human toxicity, aquatic and terrestrial ecotoxicity. For winter wheat systems, energy depletion and acidification were the most relevant environmental impacts, and energy depletion and aquatic eutrophication were the primary concerns for summer maize systems. The results revealed that the most important source of environmental impact in the winter wheat-summer maize production system in Huantai County was the production and application of nitrogen fertilisers. The environmental impacts of winter wheat were much stronger than those of summer maize due to higher inputs and lower use efficiency of agrochemicals.     

Disadvantages and future research directions in valuation of ecosystem services in China

We have reviewed the development, background and valuation history of ecosystem services in China and abroad, and highlight the importance of ecosystem services and the necessity of their valuation at various temporal and spatial scales. Through critical review of the literature, we have elucidated disadvantages in studies of ecosystem services in China, including the lack of a definite purpose for the valuation of ecosystem services, improper emphasis of valuation studies, stifled application of the contingent valuation method, weak power of research panels in the field, and the absence of the participation of government officials. In addition, we discuss some case studies from Western countries which tracked changes in the total economic value (TEV) of ecosystem services across different states of ecological disturbance and evaluated changes in the TEV under different management regimes. These studies may be useful in guiding future research in China. In essence, there are three major aspects involved in the valuation of ecosystem services: improving accuracy of valuation, association of results of valuation with policy and management decisions, and transfer of payments for ecosystem services. We suggest three priorities for future research in China: to develop an ecosystem service valuation model, to enhance the relevance of valuation studies to policy development, and to reward the protectors of ecosystem services.     

DOW CORNING 1-2577 Conformal Coating as an efficient diffusion material for cathode in the microbial fuel cell

In this study, DOW CORNING 1-2577 Conformal Coating was proposed for the cathode diffusion layer of the microbial fuel cell (MFC). In MFCs, stainless steel mesh cathodes using DOW CORNING 1-2577 Conformal Coating/carbon as the diffusion layer and two poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/carbon diffusion layers and carbon cloth cathode with four poly (tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) diffusion layers were constructed for comparison. Under the same operational condition, the MFCs with the DOW CORNING 1-2577 Conformal Coating/carbon diffusion layer produced the maximum power density of 1585±52 mW·m^-2, compared with those using poly (tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) diffusion layers (1421±45 mW·m^-2) and poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/carbon diffusion layers (1353±49 mW·m^-2). The DOW CORNING 1-2577 Conformal Coating could be an alternative for the diffusion layer construction in the MFC due to its remarkable performance and much simple construction procedure.     

铜胁迫对农田土壤酶活性、细菌和古菌数量的影响

为了研究铜矿周边农田土壤中不同Cu含量对土壤酶活性、细菌和古菌基因拷贝数的影响,在铜矿周边农田土壤中采集了8个不同Cu含量的土壤,测定土壤的酶活性、细菌和古菌基因拷贝数,结果表明,土壤总Cu含量为28.30~1 019.27mg·kg~(-1),酸可提取态Cu含量为335~415.11 mg·kg~(-1),细菌16S rRNA基因拷贝数在每克干土3.10×10~(10)~1.84×10~(11)个之间,古茵16S rRNA基因拷贝数在每克干土737×10~8~6.82×10~9个之间。土壤总Cu和酸可提取态Cu含量对土壤脲酶活性影响较大,但对土壤脱氢酶和转化酶活性影响不显著。土壤细菌基因拷贝数均与总Cu含量、各形态Cu含量呈极显著的负相关关系,同样土壤古菌基因拷贝数与总Cu含量、各形态Cu含量也均呈极显著的负相关关系,说明Cu胁迫对土壤细菌和古菌活性具有较大的抑制作用。     

腐殖酸作用下沉积物中纳米氧化铜对铜锈环棱螺生态毒性的影响

为了探讨不同水平腐殖酸作用下沉积物中纳米氧化铜(CuO-NPs)对底栖生物生态毒理学效应的影响,以铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)为受试生物,通过腐殖酸和CuO-NPs加标沉积物的慢性(28 d)生物测试,研究了肝胰脏中Cu的生物积累、Na+K+-ATP酶(ATPase)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化规律.结果表明,在低浓度CuO-NPs处理组(60 μg·g1),沉积物中腐殖酸水平对Cu的生物积累以及ATPase、SOD和CAT活性均没有显著影响.在中、高浓度CuO-NPs处理组(≥180 μg·g-1),Cu的生物积累均随腐殖酸水平的增加而显著升高;肝胰脏ATPase活性随腐殖酸水平的增加而显著下降;当腐殖酸水平为0.05 g·g-1时,SOD活性显著高于未添加腐殖酸组,表现为显著诱导,当腐殖酸水平≥0.1g·g-1时,SOD活性开始下降,并具有浓度依赖性;随腐殖酸水平的增加,肝胰脏CAT活性总体上表现为浓度依赖性显著下降.由于沉积物中腐殖酸的存在,显著增加CuO-NPs在沉积物中的分散稳定性,更容易被铜锈环棱螺摄取,从而通过增加CuO-NPs的生物积累而增强对铜锈环棱螺的生态毒性.