1993-2006年中国环境突发事件对农业的影响特征分析

介绍了1993-2006年中国环境突发事件的发生情况,分析了其对中国农业产生的影响,并对不同地区环境突发事件造成的农作物和鱼塘受害面积的时空分布特征进行了分析.结果表明:(1)环境突发事件总体呈减少趋势,环境突发事件总数与其造成的农作物、鱼塘受害面积总体呈现正相关关系.(2)1993-1997、1998-2002、2003-2006年这3个阶段,环境突发事件造成农作物年均受害面积较多的地区逐渐由东部向中、西部转移;农作物年均受害面积较多的地区逐渐减少;绝大多数的地区农作物年均受害面积呈减少趋势或持平,少数地区呈现持续高危害和危害加重的趋势.(3)1993-1997、1998-2002、2003-2006年这3个阶段,环境突发事件造成的鱼塘年均受害面积总体呈现逐渐减少的趋势;鱼塘年均受害面积较多的地区主要集中在中国的东南部、新疆和黑龙江.环境突发事件对中国渔业的影响不仅局限于东南沿海地区,还波及到东北甚至是气候较为干旱的西北地区.     

江苏里下河地区典型湖泊有机质污染研究

为全面了解江苏里下河地区重要湖泊水体富营养化状况,选取乌巾荡、九龙口、大纵湖3个典型湖泊作为研究对象,采集6个沉积物柱状样品和6个水样进行分析研究。结果表明:(1)水样COD与总有机碳(TOC)存在着紧密的相关性(R2=0.969)。(2)乌巾荡、九龙口、大纵湖的沉积物TOC随着土深的增加而减小;TN随土深的增加而减小;C/N变化规律与TOC相似,都随土深增加而降低。(3)该地区沉积物土深10～15cm处为分界层,该层以下有机质为湖泊内源输入为主,受外界干扰较少,基本没有受到人类活动的影响;该层以上有机质则是流域外源输入为主。     

有效微生物和多功能复合微生物制剂生物强化提高化粪池粪便污泥减量效率研究

为了考察有效微生物(EM)和多功能复合微生物制剂(MCMP)对化粪池粪便污泥减量的强化效能,以化粪池粪便污泥为研究对象,采用中温(35℃)厌氧消化,研究EM和MCMP不同投加量(0~1.00%)对化粪池粪便污泥厌氧消化总固体(TS)、挥发性固体(VS)和COD的减量效果,考察EM和MCMP投加量与TS、VS和COD去除率间的相关关系。结果表明,投加0.005%~0.10%的EM和MCMP均有利于化粪池粪便污泥TS、VS和COD的去除;其中以投加0.01%的EM(E2处理)和0.01%的MCMP(M2处理)对TS、VS和COD的去除效果最好。E2处理TS、VS和COD的去除率分别为32.51%、42.34%和40.91%,分别比对照(CK)高5.83%、5.29%和7.13%;M2处理TS、VS和COD的去除率分别为33.74%、46.05%和43.33%;分别比CK高7.06%、9%和9.50%。对化粪池粪便污泥厌氧消化TS、VS和COD的减量作用效果表现为:MCMPEM。EM和MCMP的投加量与TS、VS和COD去除率间均存在一定的负相关关系;投加EM和MCMP的各处理的TS、VS和COD去除率两两间均表现为正相关关系。     

Short-term effects of diesel fuel on rhizosphere microbial community structure of native plants in Yangtze estuarine wetland

Purpose

In this work, short-term effects of diesel fuel on Huangpu?CYangtze estuarine wetland soil microbial community structure were studied under simulated conditions through phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) analysis. Four native plant species, bulrush (Scirpus tripueter), galingale (Cyperus rotundus), wildrice (Zizania latifolia), and reed (Phragmites australis) were tested in the experiments.

Method

In the pot experiment, 20?g rhizosphere soils were mixed with 20?g diesel-blended soils. The concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbon was 16,000?mg/kg. All pots were incubated for 14?days in dark at 28°C and watered with 12?mL sterile distilled water to keep a liquid level. Microbial activity of the samples was assessed by hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate. Measurements of soil PLFAs and analysis on gas chromatography were performed.

Results

The microbial activity in the samples of reed was highest after the exposure. In all samples, the common PLFA was straight-chain saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). After the exposure the relative abundance of MUFA and polyunsaturated fatty acid decreased by 20%, and the relative abundance of straight-chain SFA increased by 20%. The results of diversity and PCA indicated that the effect of diesel pollutant on the microbial community was far stronger than the root effect and the reed roots enhanced the tolerance of soil microorganisms to diesel significantly.

Conclusions

All results showed that the soil microbial community structure differed significantly with the exposure to diesel. In reed rhizosphere, the soil microorganisms exhibited a strong resistance to diesel fuel. It confirmed that the root of reed improved the biodegradation ability of soil microorganisms for diesel pollutants and they could be reasonably matched to cure and restore the ecological environment of oil-contaminated wetlands.     

河水受百年一遇大旱后城市降雨径流的污染与治理

2009年入秋至2010年春,中国西南地区发生了百年一遇的特大旱灾。为探讨河水受百年一遇大旱后降雨径流污染的状况,对昆明典型交通干道路面的降雨径流和河水水质进行了监测,分析了大旱后降雨径流污染的严重性和对河水水质的影响,并考察了曝气塘—浮石床水平潜流人工湿地复合系统处理大旱后由城市降雨径流污染导致的重污染河水的效能。结果表明,大旱后的前3场降雨径流污染程度较正常雨季降雨径流污染程度严重,SS、COD、TN及TP浓度平均高出1.3倍。大旱后的前3场降雨径流溢流会对河流造成严重污染。该复合系统在塘调蓄—循环处理运行工况下能有效处理大旱后的重污染河水,对SS、COD、TP、TN和NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为98%、90%、96%、60%和90%,出水均达《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级A标准。     

Comparative phytotoxicity of Rac-metolachlor and S-metolachlor on rice seedlings

The toxicity of Rac-metolachlor and S-metolachlor on rice (IIYou92, Oryza sativa L.) seedlings was determined and compared in a hydroponics experiment. The elongation of shoot, main root, and the number of lateral roots were inhibited in both Rac- and S-metolachlor treatments. The 96 h- IC50 of Rac- and S-metolachlor were 12.32 and 9.44 μM for shoot, and 4.69 and 1.75 μM for root, respectively. The content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll of leaf treated by Rac-metolachlor was higher than that treated by S-metolachlor. The activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, cytochrome P450 2E1, glutathione S-transferase, and the content of glutathione increased after herbicide exposure, and the activities or the content was higher in the S-metolachlor treatment than in the exposure to Rac-metolachlor. Ultrastructural studies revealed that Rac- and S-metolachlor had adverse effects on leaf cells, and S-metolachlor treatment caused higher damage.     

Cypermethrin has the potential to induce hepatic oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Cypermethrin (CYP), a widely used Type II pyrethroid pesticide, is one of the most common contaminants in the freshwater aquatic system. We studied the effects of CYP exposure on the induction of hepatic oxidative stress, DNA damage and the alteration of gene expression related to apoptosis in adult zebrafish. Hepatic mRNA levels for the genes encoding antioxidant proteins, such as Cu/Zn-Sod, Mn-Sod, Cat, and Gpx, were significantly upregulated when zebrafish were exposed to various concentrations of CYP for 4 or 8 days. In addition, the main genes related to fatty acid β-oxidation and the mitochondrial genes related to respiration and ATP synthesis were also significantly upregulated after exposure to high concentrations (1 and 3 μg L⁻¹) of CYP for 4 or 8 days. Moreover, in a comet assay of zebrafish hepatocytes, tail DNA, tail length, tail moment and Olive tail moment increased in a concentration-dependent manner. The significant induction (p < 0.01) of all four parameters observed with CYP concentrations of 0.3 μg L⁻¹ or higher suggests that heavy DNA damage was induced even at low levels. Furthermore, several apoptosis- related genes, such as p53, Apaf1 and Cas3, were significantly upregulated after CYP exposure, and Bcl2/Bax expression ratio decreased, especially in groups treated with 1 and 3 μg L⁻¹ CYP for 8 days. Taken together, our results suggested that CYP has the potential to induce hepatic oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis in zebrafish. This information will be helpful in fully understanding the mechanism of aquatic toxicology induced by CYP in fish.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls in surface sediments of Yueqing Bay, Xiangshan Bay, and Sanmen Bay in East China Sea

The spatial distribution and source of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in 30 surface sediments of Yueqing Bay, Xiangshan Bay, and Sanmen Bay in Eastern China were analysed. Total concentrations of PCBs ranged from 9.33 to 19.60 ng g⁻¹ dry weight for all the sampling stations. The observed PCB levels were lower than those in areas of high urbanisation or contamination in the bay. Low-chlorinated PCBs, dominated by tri-PCB, were identified as the prevalent contaminate of surface sediments, and the top three PCB congeners were lighter chlorinated congeners (PCB 8, PCB 18 and PCB 28). These results were in agreement with the fact that tri-PCB compounds are the dominant contaminants in China. The result of the principal component analysis revealed that all samples were similar in composition to Aroclor 1242, suggesting they might originate from electrical capacitors and transformers. The levels of PCBs were significantly correlated with the total organic carbon in the sediments.     

截面温度非均匀的防火装饰一体化钢梁的抗火性能分析

基于ANSYS软件建立了细石混凝土半填充、细石混凝土全填充和加气混凝土砌块填充三种防火构造的分析模型,探究了截面温度非均匀分布对防火装饰一体化钢梁的温度场和剩余承载力的影响,分析了钢梁上下翼缘及腹板参数对构件抗火性能的影响。结果表明,翼缘宽度的增大会明显降低钢梁的剩余承载力,翼缘厚度的增加会导致钢梁承载力略有下降,钢梁高度的变化对剩余承载力影响不大。给出了防火装饰一体化钢梁剩余承载力的简化计算公式,公式计算结果与有限元结果吻合情况较好。     

安全优质饮用水

水中的微量元素是人体微量元素的主要来源,而且饮用水的硬度和总溶解性固体和当地居民心脏病的死亡率有确定的正相关性。ＴＤＳ越高,心脏病发作率越少。健康的水应是去除了有机微污染,三致物质,病原菌,病毒和病原原生动物的,并且含有适量微量元素和矿物质的安全和有益于健康的水。