上海市杨浦生态城区指标体系建立的研究

生态城市的建设以生态城区为依托,生态城区的创建离不开一套科学的指标体系.从上海市杨浦区创建知识创新型生态城区的指标体系入手,依托频度统计、压力-状态-响应模型、专家咨询等技术方法,提出指标体系的设置程序与构建的具体方法,以指导杨浦区生态城区的建设工作.此方法对生态城区乃至生态城市指标体系的建立具有一定的借鉴意义.     

关于完善“大气污染防治法”的探讨

大气是人类和其他生物赖以生存和发展的基本环境要素之一。而自工业革命以来,大气受到了人类活动的影响,污染状况急剧恶化。例如著名的伦敦烟雾事件,而在中国情况也不容乐观,中国是一个在环境上回旋余地极小的大国,没有任何可能像某些先行国家那样,等到环境恶劣到极点后再来治理。但中国又是一个发展中国家,别人走过的先发展经济、再治理污染的道路,中国不可避免地也会走一遭。因此,本文通过介绍中国大气污染和大气污染立法的现状,对《大气污染防治法》存在的几点不足进行分析,并提出相应的完善建议。     

西安市高新技术产业开发区向生态工业园区的转变经验

生态工业园是继经济技术开发区和高新技术开发区后的第三代工业园区,是实施循环经济的三个领域之一。本文介绍了西安市高新技术产业开发区向生态工业园区转变模式与实施步骤,并总结实践经验。     

催化剂生产企业粉尘危害分析与治理技术探讨

分析了催化剂生产企业粉尘危害,介绍了生产性粉尘治理技术及其应用效果。     

Biodegradation of triclosan and triclocarban in sewage sludge during composting under three ventilation strategies

TCS and TCC can be biodegraded during sewage sludge composting. Ventilation significantly accelerated the biodegradation of TCS and TCC in sludge. Composting can reduce the environmental risk of TCS and TCC in sewage sludge. Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are widely used in home and personal care products as antimicrobial agents. After these products are used, TCS and TCC enter the terrestrial environment and pose a great risk to humans and animals. In this research, the biodegradation of TCS and TCC was investigated during sewage sludge composting with ventilation rates of 108, 92, and 79 m³/min. TCS and TCC were mainly biodegraded in the mesophilic and thermophilic phases, and the biodegradation rates improved with an increase in ventilation. After sewage sludge was composted for 16 days with forced ventilation (108 m³/min), the concentration of TCS decreased from 497.4 to 214.5 μg/kg, and the concentration of TCC decreased from 823.2 to 172.7 μg/kg. The biodegradation rates of TCS and TCC were 65.2% and 83.1%, respectively. However, after the sewage sludge was stacked for 16 days, the biodegradation rates of TCS and TCC were only 17.0% and 18.2%, respectively. The environmental risks of TCS and TCC in the sewage sludge piles significantly decreased after composting. In the sludge pile with a ventilation rate of 108 m³/min, the RQ values of TCS and TCC decreased from 8.29 and 20.58 to 3.58 and 4.32 after composting for 16 days, respectively. There is still a high risk if the sludge compost is directly used as a culture substrate. Nevertheless, the environmental risk could be decreased distinctly if a reasonable quantity of sludge compost is applied to land to ensure an RQ of<1 for TCS and TCC.     

典型行业环境地表灰尘重金属污染比较研究

随着工业化和城市化进程的推进,行业环境重金属污染日益受到关注。选取北京市10个典型行业地表环境灰尘为研究对象,分析了灰尘不同粒径分布和Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni浓度及贡献率,并采用单因素污染指数和综合污染指数法评估了重金属在不同行业地表环境的污染水平。结果表明:批发行业、工业、餐饮业和交通运输业综合污染水平较高,文化体育业和教育行业综合污染水平最低。     

AOD渣中铬的连续淋溶特性及其动力学模型的构建

为评价AOD(氩氧脱碳炉)渣的淋溶毒性,采用连续20 d的静态淋溶试验,研究了中性和酸性淋溶液对AOD炉渣中Cr(铬)淋溶特性的影响,以累积溶出率构建了Cr淋溶动力学模型. 结果表明:在连续淋溶过程中,淋溶液pH(9.6~11.5)始终保持碱性,DO(溶解氧)基本处于饱和状态,淋溶液还原性呈降低趋势;随着淋溶时间的延长,淋溶液中Cr6+、TCr和Cr3+的累积溶出率呈增加趋势,不同初始淋溶液pH(2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0、6.0、7.0)下,连续淋溶20 d时Cr6+、TCr和Cr3+的累积溶出率分别是淋溶2 d时的10.1~22.2、7.5~15.6、6.3~17.1倍;与中性和弱酸性淋溶液相比,连续淋溶20 d,酸性较强的淋溶液中Cr6+、TCr和Cr3+的累积溶出率分别为其3.1~6.6、1.6~3.2和1.8~2.1倍;与短期静态淋溶相比,连续淋溶增加了淋溶液总量,尽管ρ(Cr)变化较小,但TCr累积溶出率显著增加;双常数速率、抛物线和指数模型均可拟合淋溶液中Cr6+、TCr和Cr3+的累积溶出率,其中,抛物线模型的相关系数均在0.99以上,是最佳模型. AOD渣中Cr的连续淋溶动力学模型的构建可为不锈钢渣中Cr的淋溶毒性及其生态风险评价奠定试验和理论基础.      

孕期暴露全氟烷基磺酸盐(PFOS)诱导胎鼠肺损伤

为研究全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)暴露对胎鼠肺部损伤的诱导作用,孕期SD大鼠在5～20mg·kg-1剂量范围内的PFOS中处理7d,取胎鼠全肺并分析其发育所受的影响。通过形态学比较,发现随着PFOS浓度的增加,胎鼠体长和体重均显著降低,高剂量暴露会导致胎鼠死亡。通过组织学检测,发现胎鼠肺的发育受到PFOS暴露的抑制。通过WesternBlot检测肺泡Ⅰ/Ⅱ型细胞的发育,发现肺泡Ⅰ型细胞特异蛋白Podoplanin表达显著减少(p<0.05),肺泡Ⅱ型细胞特异蛋白SP-C表达减少但未出现显著差异,此外,与对照组相比高剂量暴露会引起血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达显著减少(p<0.01)。实验结果说明,PFOS暴露会导致胎鼠肺部发育出现损伤,这种损伤可能是肺泡Ⅰ型细胞及肺部血管发育受抑制引起胎鼠肺部气体交换功能破坏。