Comparisons in subcellular and biochemical behaviors of cadmium between Iow-Cd and high-Cd accumulation cultivars of pakchoi （Brassica chinensis L.）

Subcellular distributions and chemical forms of cadmium （Cd） in the leaves, stems and roots were investigated in low-Cd accumulation cultivars and high-Cd accumulation cultivars ofpakchoi （Brassica chinensis L.）. Root cell wall played a key role in limiting soil Cd from entering the protoplast, especially in the low-Cd cultivars. The high-Cd cultivars had significantly higher leaf and stem Cd concentrations than the low-Cd cultivars in cell wall fraction, chloroplast/trophoplast fraction, organelle fraction and soluble fraction. In low-Cd cultivars, which were more sensitive and thus had greater physiological needs of Cd detoxification than high-Cd cultivars, leaf vacuole sequestrated higher proportions of Cd. Cd in the form of pectate/protein complexes （extracted by 1 tool. L~ NaC1） played a decisive role in Cd translocation from root to shoot, which might be one of the mechanisms that led to the differences in shoot Cd accumulation between the two types of cultivars. Furthermore, the formation of Cd- phosphate complexes （extracted by 2% HAc） was also involved in Cd detoxification within the roots of pakchoi under high Cd stress, suggesting that the mechanisms of Cd detoxification might be different between low- and high-Cd cultivars.     

Biodegradation of triclosan and triclocarban in sewage sludge during composting under three ventilation strategies

TCS and TCC can be biodegraded during sewage sludge composting. Ventilation significantly accelerated the biodegradation of TCS and TCC in sludge. Composting can reduce the environmental risk of TCS and TCC in sewage sludge. Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are widely used in home and personal care products as antimicrobial agents. After these products are used, TCS and TCC enter the terrestrial environment and pose a great risk to humans and animals. In this research, the biodegradation of TCS and TCC was investigated during sewage sludge composting with ventilation rates of 108, 92, and 79 m³/min. TCS and TCC were mainly biodegraded in the mesophilic and thermophilic phases, and the biodegradation rates improved with an increase in ventilation. After sewage sludge was composted for 16 days with forced ventilation (108 m³/min), the concentration of TCS decreased from 497.4 to 214.5 μg/kg, and the concentration of TCC decreased from 823.2 to 172.7 μg/kg. The biodegradation rates of TCS and TCC were 65.2% and 83.1%, respectively. However, after the sewage sludge was stacked for 16 days, the biodegradation rates of TCS and TCC were only 17.0% and 18.2%, respectively. The environmental risks of TCS and TCC in the sewage sludge piles significantly decreased after composting. In the sludge pile with a ventilation rate of 108 m³/min, the RQ values of TCS and TCC decreased from 8.29 and 20.58 to 3.58 and 4.32 after composting for 16 days, respectively. There is still a high risk if the sludge compost is directly used as a culture substrate. Nevertheless, the environmental risk could be decreased distinctly if a reasonable quantity of sludge compost is applied to land to ensure an RQ of<1 for TCS and TCC.     

芘污染对马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensi)D型面盘幼虫发育的影响

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类广泛存在于环境中的持久性有机污染物,大多具有潜在毒性、致癌性及致畸诱变作用。选取马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensi)作为模式动物,研究芘对马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫发育的影响。将马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫暴露于不同浓度(2、4、8、16和32μg·L-1)芘(pyrene)中,在暴露后第12、24、36、48、60、72和84小时,分别测定其死亡率和畸形率,并观察形态学的变化。结果表明,芘对D型面盘幼虫的发育有显著影响,同一浓度组的死亡率与时间呈正相关。在2～32μg·L-1浓度范围内,不同暴露时间段,死亡率与浓度呈正相关。芘暴露对马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫的形态也有显著影响,随着芘浓度的增大幼虫畸形的比例增高,并呈现明显的剂量-效应关系,其中8和32μg·L-1浓度组的响应最敏感。同时,芘暴露对马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫的半数致死浓度(LC50)随着时间的推移逐渐降低,60h后趋于稳定,LC50值为43.50μg·L-1。研究结果表明,芘暴露能影响马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫的发育,并可能对其种群结构产生不利影响。     

孕期暴露全氟烷基磺酸盐(PFOS)诱导胎鼠肺损伤

为研究全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)暴露对胎鼠肺部损伤的诱导作用,孕期SD大鼠在5～20mg·kg-1剂量范围内的PFOS中处理7d,取胎鼠全肺并分析其发育所受的影响。通过形态学比较,发现随着PFOS浓度的增加,胎鼠体长和体重均显著降低,高剂量暴露会导致胎鼠死亡。通过组织学检测,发现胎鼠肺的发育受到PFOS暴露的抑制。通过WesternBlot检测肺泡Ⅰ/Ⅱ型细胞的发育,发现肺泡Ⅰ型细胞特异蛋白Podoplanin表达显著减少(p<0.05),肺泡Ⅱ型细胞特异蛋白SP-C表达减少但未出现显著差异,此外,与对照组相比高剂量暴露会引起血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达显著减少(p<0.01)。实验结果说明,PFOS暴露会导致胎鼠肺部发育出现损伤,这种损伤可能是肺泡Ⅰ型细胞及肺部血管发育受抑制引起胎鼠肺部气体交换功能破坏。     

测定化学物对乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制毒性的微板吸光法研究

随着化学污染物种类与数量的日益增多,高通量测试方法显得越来越重要。基于乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACh E)抑制法原理,以多功能酶标仪为测试设备,96孔微板为暴露反应载体,建立了测定化学物对ACh E抑制毒性的微板吸光法。系统研究了ACh E浓度、碘化硫代乙酰胆碱(ATCI)浓度、二硫代二硝基苯甲酸(DTNB)浓度对显色吸光度、吸光度变化速率、化学物测试毒性的影响。结果表明,随着ACh E、DTNB、ATCI的浓度增加,吸光度均增加;吸光度变化速率与ACh E浓度呈正相关,与DTNB浓度基本无关,与ATCI浓度呈现先增后减的双相关系;随着ATCI浓度增加,灭多威剂量-效应曲线(DRC)向右移动。最终建立的优化测试条件为DTNB 0.2 g·L~(-1)、ATCI 0.2 g·L~(-1)、ACh E 0.04 U·m L~(-1)、p H 6.8、反应温度29℃及暴露时间15 min;并与国标方法进行了对比与验证,发现试剂加样顺序对毒性测定结果有显著影响。基于ACh E的微板毒性测试结果表明,灭多威的DRC呈现良好的S型曲线,可用Weibull函数有效表征,拟合决定系数R2大于0.97,空白变异控制在了±10%以内。此方法可用于化学污染物的高通量毒性检测。     

微生物絮凝剂在水处理中的应用

系统介绍了微生物絮凝剂的特性、絮凝机理及影响絮凝效果的因素,列举并分析了微生物絮凝剂的应用实例。微生物絮凝剂具有安全、高效、不污染环境等特点。产生絮凝剂的微生物种类多,生长快,易于实现产业化,因而微生物絮凝剂正日益受到人们的重视。     

Hierarchical methodological framework to improve Policy Environmental Assessment: Based on policy layer research

This study explores the current implementation challenges of the Policy Environmental Assessment (PEA), including the implementation of a far richer, more diverse (at macro level), and better understanding of PEA and integration with decision making. The results contribute to the analysis of PEA through different hierarchies of assessment. Stemming from the theory and practice of policy, a concept of PEA hierarchies is proposed including the uppermost PEA, upper-lower PEA, and lowermost PEA. Afterward, the differences of the three hierarchies are interpreted, in terms of aims, principles, processes, and methods. The evaluation of the policy environmental impacts from different lens helps solve the complexities of policies and identify opportunities for improvement of PEA.     

碾压混凝土层面抗剪强度的细观数值研究

碾压混凝土 (RCC)层面抗剪强度关系到碾压混凝土坝的安全。笔者采用随机骨料模型模拟碾压混凝土的细观结构 ,利用有限元方法数值模拟碾压混凝土试件的细观损伤断裂和抗剪强度 ,将所得数值结果与混凝土重力坝设计规范参考值比较 ,结果较为吻合。同时对直剪试验尺寸效应进行研究 ,并给出提高层面抗剪能力的措施。     

略谈生态环境建设的几个问题

生态环境建设是当前乃至今后内容忽视的一个重要课题，简要提出了我国现阶段生态环境治理的对策。     

PCDDs在氯仿溶液中的紫外光解

使用ＮＤＣ－３型化学反应仪、３００Ｗ汞灯和１５ｍｌ反应管，于４３℃进行了２，３，７，８－ＴＣＤＤ，１，２，３，７，８－Ｐ５ＣＤＤ，１，２，３，４，７，８－ＨｘＣＤＤ，１，２，３，４，６，７，８－ＨｐＣＤＤ和ＯＣＤＤ在氯仿溶中的紫外光解，其一级反应速率常数测得值依次为０．５４，０．２９，０．１５，０．１５和０．１９ｍｉｎ＾－１，反应半衰期ｔ１／２均在５ｍｉｎ以内，还原脱氯是主要的光解途径，并有大量低