Intrinsic chemiluminescence production from the degradation of haloaromatic pollutants during environmentally-friendly advanced oxidation processes: Mechanism, structure–activity relationship and potential applications

The ubiquitous distribution of halogenated aromatic compounds(XAr) coupled with their carcinogenicity has raised public concerns on their potential risks to both human health and the ecosystem. Recently, advanced oxidation processes(AOPs) have been considered as an"environmentally-friendly" technology for the remediation and destruction of such recalcitrant and highly toxic XAr. During our study on the mechanism of metal-independent production of hydroxyl radicals(UOH) by halogenated quinones and H_2O_2, we found, unexpectedly, that an unprecedented UOH-dependent two-step intrinsic chemiluminescene(CL) can be produced by H_2O_2 and tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone, the major carcinogenic metabolite of the widely used wood preservative pentachlorophenol. Further investigations showed that, in all UOH-generating systems, CL can also be produced not only by pentachlorophenol and all other halogenated phenols, but also by all XAr tested. A systematic structure–activity relationship study for all 19 chlorophenolic congeners showed that the CL increased with an increasing number of Cl-substitution in general. More importantly, a relatively good correlation was observed between the formation of quinoid/semiquinone radical intermediates and CL generation. Based on these results, we propose that UOH-dependent formation of quinoid intermediates and electronically excited carbonyl species is responsible for this unusual CL production; and a rapid, sensitive,simple, and effective CL method was developed not only to detect and quantify trace amount of XAr, but also to provide useful information for predicting the toxicity or monitoring real-time degradation kinetics of XAr. These findings may have broad chemical, environmental and biological implications for future studies on halogenated aromatic persistent organic pollutants.     

故障树分析在污水处理装置上的应用与研究

在危险与可操作性分析(HAZOP)被普遍关注的情况下,依然不能忽视故障树分析(FTA)对于工艺安全管理的意义。将FTA与HAZOP进行了对比,并分析了两种方法的优缺点。以污水处理装置为例,进行FTA,给出了整改建议措施。并根据FTA分析在实践中的应用,提出了将FTA更好地应用于工艺安全管理的建议。     

聚合硫酸铁絮凝剂的绝热合成研究

本文通过对聚合硫酸铁（ＰＦＳ） 的动力学研究，发现ＰＦＳ的合成温度控制在５０ ℃以上就显著地提高了反应速度，缩短了反应周期。当相对水量Ｃ＝ ４ ．５ ～５ ．５ 时，采用工业级硫酸亚铁为原料，在催化氧化作用下，可以实现ＰＦＳ 的绝热合成工艺，去除加热设备，优化工艺过程。与直接氧化法ＰＦＳ相比，绝热法聚合硫酸铁（ＨＰＦＳ） 具有更优的混凝性能。     

异常因素对CNG长管拖车爆破片疲劳寿命的影响

针对CNG加气站长管拖车气瓶爆破片异常起爆的问题,通过实验手段搭建了爆破片疲劳寿命测试平台,研究爆破片在制作、安装和应用过程中的挤压损伤、划伤以及冰冻等异常因素对疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明:冰冻对爆破片的疲劳性能没有显著影响。受尖钝物挤压损伤的爆破片较正常爆破片疲劳寿命大幅降低,超过95%,且受损部位直径和深度越大,疲劳寿命越短。通过拱顶、拱面1/2处和边缘处三个部位划伤爆破片的疲劳试验发现,拱面1/2处疲劳寿命最短,边缘处划伤的爆破片疲劳寿命最长。划伤对爆破片疲劳寿命的影响最大,其次为挤压损伤。     

试论矿山环评中的生态恢复评价问题

矿山生态恢复是矿山环保对策中的一项技术较强的措施之一，它既有防治水土流失的功能，又有降解有毒污染的功能，并能产生较好的经济效益。但没有科学依据而盲目进行生态恢复，就有可能对环境和人类带来风险，为减少风险，在矿山开发前的环境影响评价中，就应对生态恢复这一措施进行评价，提出合理的恢复模式，为决策部门提供科学依据。     

加气站长管拖车爆破片异常起爆事故分析及对策

爆破片与易熔塞组合装置是加气站长管拖车气瓶的主要超压安全泄放装置。为减少爆破片异常起爆事故的发生,采用HAZOP分析方法对事故发生的原因、后果及已有保护措施成效等进行了分析。通过长管拖车回油过程爆破片处管路堵塞模拟实验,发现未造成明显水锤,排除了长管拖车回油过程爆破片处管路堵塞造成爆破片异常起爆的原因。通过对爆破片组合装置进行疲劳性能测试,得到正拱形爆破片与较长的易熔塞组合装置具有较稳定的爆破压力和抗疲劳特性。采用LOPA保护层分析模型,结合加气子站长管拖车现场运行工况,提出了爆破片优化设计、单层泄漏报警、人员积极响应等防护对策,能够有效减少爆破片异常起爆事故带来的损失。     

多沙大河的扩散示踪研究

污染物在水体中的扩散规律研究已引起越来越多人的关注。通过现场扩散示踪实验求得扩散系数，进而对污染物的扩散规律予以定量描述，是一种可靠易行的方法。对黄河托克托至河曲段的实际研究表明，以Ｃｒ２Ｏ或Ｆ－为示踪剂，运用Ｔａｙｌｏｒ模型进行多沙大河的污染物扩散规律研究可以取得满意的结果。同时，利用现场示踪实验结果与经验公式的结合可以预测不同情况下的纵向扩散系数，从而得出污染物的允许排放量，这将有利于污染物在水体中行为的深入研究。     

Odor compounds from different sources of landfill: characterization and source identification

This study investigated the odor compounds from different areas in a landfill site, which included the municipal solid waste (MSW)-related area, the leachate-related area and the sludge-related area. Nine sampling points were placed and 35 types of odorous substances were measured and quantified from these grabbed samples. The results showed that the main odorous substances emitted from landfill site were styrene, toluene, xylene, acetone, methanol, n-butanone, n-butylaldehyde, acetic acid, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide and ammonia. In the MSW-related area, the highest concentrations of oxygenated compounds were observed at the gas extraction wells (GW), while sulfur compounds were rare. Ammonia in the sludge-related area was very abundant. Sludge discharge area (SD1) and sludge disposal work place (SD2) were representative points of pre- and post-drying, in which the characterizations of the emitted odorous gas were different. After chemical drying, the concentration of ammonia increased, whereas those of volatile fatty acids and sulfur compounds decreased. In the leachate-related area, relatively low concentrations of all those odorants were detected in leachate storage pool (LS), which may be due to the enclosure operation of the leachate storage pool. Using principal components analysis and cluster analysis, GW, SD1 and SD2 were distinguished from the other sampling points. The typical odorants in GW were acetaldehyde, ethyl benzene, xylene, methylamine and dimethyl formamide. The typical odorants in SD1 were methyl mercaptan, valeric acid and isovaleric acid, while those in SD2 were carbon disulfide, acetone, 3-pentanone, methanol and trimethylamine. The typical odorants in other sampling points were hydrogen sulfide, n-butylaldehyde and acetic acid.     

Transformation of carbon tetrachloride by bisulfide treated goethite, hematite, magnetite, and kaolinite

This study investigated the transformation of carbon tetrachloride (CT) by goethite, hematite, magnetite, and kaolinite treated with bisulfide to form coatings of iron monosulfide (FeS) and other Fe(II) species. These coatings contribute to abiotic natural attenuation in anaerobic environments. Batch kinetic experiments were performed under anoxic conditions at pH 8.0. Surface-area-normalized pseudo-first-order rate constants for CT transformation did not differ significantly for the three HS- treated iron oxides, but the rate of CT transformation by bisulfide-treated kaolinite was significantly lower, most likely due to kaolinite's lower iron content. The yield of chloroform (CF) from CT transformation was typically approximately 1%. There was negligible or only slight adsorption of several natural organic matter (NOM) model compounds to the surface of HS- treated goethite, and these compounds had no influence on CT transformation rate constants or CF yields. Juglone, on the other hand, adsorbed to a greater extent, and also significantly influenced the CF yield, increasing it by a factor of approximately 20 for HS- treated hematite. We speculate that juglone or its HS- addition product adsorbed to the mineral surface and acted as a hydrogen atom donor that reacted with the trichloromethyl radical intermediate, increasing the CF yield.