China’s Classification-Based Forest Management: Procedures,Problems, and Prospects

China’s new Classification-Based Forest Management (CFM) is a two-class system, including Commodity Forest (CoF) and Ecological Welfare Forest (EWF) lands, so named according to differences in their distinct functions and services. The purposes of CFM are to improve forestry economic systems, strengthen resource management in a market economy, ease the conflicts between wood demands and public welfare, and meet the diversified needs for forest services in China. The formative process of China’s CFM has involved a series of trials and revisions. China’s central government accelerated the reform of CFM in the year 2000 and completed the final version in 2003. CFM was implemented at the provincial level with the aid of subsidies from the central government. About a quarter of the forestland in China was approved as National EWF lands by the State Forestry Administration in 2006 and 2007. Logging is prohibited on National EWF lands, and their landowners or managers receive subsidies of about 70 RMB (US$10) per hectare from the central government. CFM represents a new forestry strategy in China and its implementation inevitably faces challenges in promoting the understanding of forest ecological services, generalizing nationwide criteria for identifying EWF and CoF lands, setting up forest-specific compensation mechanisms for ecological benefits, enhancing the knowledge of administrators and the general public about CFM, and sustaining EWF lands under China’s current forestland tenure system. CFM does, however, offer a viable pathway toward sustainable forest management in China.     

稳态法确定酸沉降临界负荷的基本理论探讨

明确了确定酸沉降界负荷理论的基本概念,通过建立生态系统在临界状态时淋溶液中碱度产生的静态质量平衡得到计算到沉降临界负荷的基本方程,由此方程又导出计算酸度,潜在酸度,硫和氮等临界负荷的数学表达式,并讨论了根据对选择对指示生物有机体不发生危害的临界化学值计算了淋溶临界碱度的方法,由此给稳态法建立了完整系统的理论体系。     

Enantioseletive bioaccumulation of tebuconazole in earthworm Eisenia fetida

Methods of extraction and determination of tebuconazole enantiomers in earthworm (Eisenia fetida) were developed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Both CE and HPLC have excellent resolution and recovery. The linearity ranges were 2.9-102.4 mg/kg and 3.0-99.6 mg/kg for (+)-R-tebuconazole and (-)-S-tebuconazole respectively in CE, and from 0.56 to 1000 mg/kg for both enantiomers in HPLC. Enantioselective bioaccumulation in earthworms from soil was investigated under laboratory condition at concentrations of 10 and 50 mg/kg dw in soil. The uptake kinetics of (+)-R-tebuconazole fitted the first-order kinetics well with r² 0.97 and 0.94 under 10 and 50 mg/kg dw exposure condition, respectively, while (-)-S-tebuconazole with r² 0.75 and 0.22 did not show the same. Bioaccumulation of tebuconazole in earthworm tissues was enantioselective with a preferential accumulation of (+)-R-tebuconazole. The (+)-R-tebuconazole might also have biomagnifying effect potential in earthworm food chain with biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) of 1.64 kg OC/kg lip in 10 mg/kg dw exposure group and 2.61 kg OC/kg lip in 50 mg/kg dw exposure group from soil to earthworm after 36 days. Although (-)-S-tebuconazole shares the same physicochemical properties with (+)-R-tebuconazole, it did not biomagnify. BSAFs of (-)-S-tebuconazole were 0.50 kg OC/kg lip (10 mg/kg dw tebuconazole exposure) and 0.28 kg OC/kg lip (50 mg/kg dw tebuconazole exposure) after 36 days, which was possibly owing to biotransformation or metabolism in earthworm tissues.     

锦州湾沉积物芯样中重金属污染及变化动态

研究了锦州湾海域底质沉积物中重金属（Zn,Pb,Cd,Fe,Mn）的含量分布,并以一个代表性的水平剖面和一个垂直剖面（J06号芯样）分析了重金属含量变化动态。通过回归计算得出几种金属在水平距离上的变化方程;在分析该湾沉积理化环境基础上,探讨了重金属地球化学相的垂向含量变化,Fe、Mn二元素的垂直剖面的成岩演变。认为沉积物中金属元素释放出来而污染上覆海水,最后得出该湾金属的污染程度及环境现状的结论。     

Effects of ultrasonic pretreatment on sludge dewaterability and extracellular polymeric substances distribution in mesophilic anaerobic digestion

Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on sludge dewaterability was determined and the fate of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix in mesophilic anaerobic digestion after ultrasonic pretreatment was studied. Characteristics of proteins (PN), polysaccharides (PS), excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular weight (MW) distribution of dissolved organic matters (DOM) in different EPS fractions were evaluated. The results showed that after ultrasonic pretreatment, the normalized capillary suction time (CST) decreased from 44.4 to 11.1 (sec·L)/g total suspended solids (TSS) during anaerobic digestion, indicating that sludge dewaterability was greatly improved. The normalized CST was significantly correlated with PN concentration (R2 = 0.92, p 0.01) and the PN/PS ratio (R2 = 0.84, p 0.01) in the loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) fraction. Meanwhile, the average MW of DOM in the LB- EPS and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) fractions also had a good correlation with the normalized CST (R2 0.66, p 0.01). According to EEM fluorescence spectroscopy, tryptophan-like substances intensities in the slime, LB-EPS and TB-EPS fractions were correlated with the normalized CST. The organic matters in the EPS matrix played an important role in influencing sludge dewaterability.     

黄土高原沟壑区森林和草地小流域水文行为的比较研究

分析了黄土高原沟壑区森林小流域和自然草地小流域的水文效应,并利用实测资料和模型计算结果比较了两流域的水循环特点,结果发现在郁闭度相同的情况下,森林小流域较自然草地小流域有较小的径流量、较大的蒸散量和较低的３ｍ土层平均含水量,也就是说森林的覆盖增强了水分小循环,削弱了水文大循环,并导致土壤含水量降低。同时也发现森林的上述水文效应仅当其郁闭度达到一定程度时才能表现出来。通过比较两类生态系统植物生长的土壤水分环境条件和水分利用率,认为黄土高原沟壑区在大力发展林业时应以沟谷为主     

活性污泥膨胀的生态控制研究

研究了一种后生动物-颤蚓对丝状细茵引起的活性污泥膨胀的控制效果.结果表明,在活性污泥反应器中投加颤蚓,通过其捕食作用,活性污泥中丝状细茵数量能在较短时间内得到明显地削减,其分类等级能下'降约1～2个级别,同时活性污泥指数SVI从291.5 ml/g下降为176.6 ml/g,下降迭39.4%,活性污泥的性状和絮体结构得到改善,污泥膨胀得到有效控制.     

海河流域土壤中碳的库存与通量研究

通过对海河流域土壤中碳及其各形态含量的分析结果，计算出该流域土壤中碳的库存量为１．７７×１０＾１２Ｋｇ，并以成土母质，人畜粪、化肥施入和径流带入量，大气降尘及其植物的残等因素为对土壤中碳的贡献，同时以径带出，大气扬尘及植物体的茎叶等因素为碳的迁出部分，兰州出海河流域土体中碳的进出量分别为４．３９×１０＾１０ｋｇ／ａ和４．０９×１０＾１０ｋｇ／ａ，并研究其流通关系。     

广州市氮氧化物控制的费用效果分析初探

近年来，广州市氮氧化物（ＮＯｘ） 污染日益加重，主要原因是机动车保有量的快速增加和城市交通改善的严重滞后。控制机动车排放造成的污染已成为亟待解决的问题。费用效果分析是进行控制方案选择的重要依据。笔者对广州市ＮＯｘ 控制的不同方案进行了初步的费用效果分析。结果表明，在用车改造加装真空延时阀对ＮＯｘ 的削减费效性最好，其次是在用车Ｉ／ Ｍ 计划的费效性较好，而采用严格新标准的削减潜力最大     

北京市西北城区取暖期环境大气中PM10的物理化学特征

根据监测资料探讨了北京市西北城区取暖期PM₁₀的逐日变化规律和日变化规律.分别使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究PM₁₀中的矿物成分及其微观形貌特征.结果表明夜间PM₁₀浓度普遍高于白天.XRD分析显示颗粒物粒度越细,其中所含的矿物种类越少.SEM研究得出,单个PM₁₀颗粒类型可初步分为有链状集合体、簇状集合体、圆球状、片状和不规则形状等5类.从数量上看,PM₁₀主要来自燃煤和汽车尾气.