北京秋冬季有机碳和元素碳(黑碳)测试结果的细节研究

长期以来,对碳气溶胶的定量研究主要关注OC（有机碳）、EC（元素碳）或BC（黑碳）的整体测定结果,很少有对测定结果细节特征的深入解读.为全面掌握和利用仪器分析结果包含的科学信息,使用热光法IMPROVE_A协议（model 2001A）测定了2015年10月（秋季）和2016年1月（冬季）北京市PM_2.5中的ρ（OC）和ρ（EC）,使用光学法（黑碳仪AE31）测定了相应的ρ（BC）.结果表明:① ρ（OC）和ρ（EC）的秋季平均值分别为8.59、3.89 μg/m3,冬季分别为16.45和6.19 μg/m3,冬季明显高于秋季;② 热光法测定结果显示,秋季样品中ρ（OC₁）/ρ（OC）的平均值为0.08±0.04,而冬季则升至0.22±0.05,这可能与冬季较高的挥发性有机物（VOCs）排放及低温带来的冷凝效应有关;③ 七波长黑碳仪测定结果显示,在秋季,紫外波段（370 nm）测定的BC当量[ρ（BC370）]与红外波段（880 nm）测定的BC标准量[ρ（BC880）]的比值[ρ（BC370）/ρ（BC880）]为1.05±0.11,说明棕色碳（BrC）的吸光影响非常弱,而冬季该比值升至1.47±0.11,升幅达40%;④ 结合两种方法对强吸光碳的测定结果,发现ρ（BC）/ρ（EC）与ρ（PM_2.5）的变化趋势一致,证明污染程度加重会带来EC内混合比例上升,因而提高其吸光能力,使黑碳仪测得的ρ（BC）上升.然而,进一步考察表明,这种上升是有限度的,当ρ（PM_2.5）达到50~70 μg/m3时,ρ（BC）/ρ（EC）进入"平台状态",秋季"平台值"约为1.05,冬季约为0.55.研究显示,仪器的测定结果包含大量被忽略的信息,对其细节的深入解读有利于更好地了解碳气溶胶的综合特征.      

实施战略环境评价(SEA)的基本框架设计及SEA管理模式的实现

根据中国实际状况，提出实施SEA的基本框架及应遵循的基本原则，从内部评价和外部评价两方面设计了相应的SEA管理模式。同时，以上海即将实施规划层次环境影响评价为背景，以ASP技术为手段，开发了一个基于B／S模式的SEA管理信息系统(SEA-MIS)原型。     

厌-好氧交替工艺的生物除磷特性研究

采用模拟配制的生活污水，研究了厌－好氧交替工艺对磷和有污染物的去除效果。结果表明，经过驯化运行等阶段后，在高效除磷阶段运行期间，磷的去除效率在９０％以上。总ＣＯＤ去除率通常大于９０％，实验表明ＣＯＤ主要是在好氧阶段被去除。     

纳米磁粉协同邻氨基苯酚优化活性污泥工艺运行效能研究

在纳米磁粉(NMPs)和邻氨基苯酚(OAP)的协同作用下,可以达到优化活性污泥工艺的运行效能和从源头上减少剩余污泥产量的目的.纳米磁粉和邻氨基苯酚被分别和同时投加到序批式反应器(SBR)中来进行实验研究.实验结果表明:在OAP的单独作用和二者协同作用下污泥产量分别减少了31%和25%.NMPs与OAP协同作用下对COD和TP的去除率比OAP单独作用下分别增加了8%和5%,出水NH+4-N的浓度和平均SVI值分别下降了58%和10%.连续运行36d后,OAP和NMPs协同作用下的脱氢酶活性比对照增加了6%,镜检发现:生物反应器中活性污泥絮体结构紧密,并且存在大量种类繁多的原生和后生动物.研究结果表明,在纳米磁粉和OAP的协同作用下可有效地实现剩余污泥减量化、改善污泥的沉降性能,并能抑制仅加入解耦联剂(OAP)对活性污泥工艺效能产生的不良影响.     

共和盆地发展生态农业的必要性和可能性的初步研究

共和盆地地处半干旱地区,生态条件脆弱,天然生物资源有限。由于社会、人口和经济方面的原因,使封育保护和轻度利用等防治土地沙漠化的措施难以实施。为充分发掘土地资源潜力,解决开发利用和环境保护的矛盾,木文提出了发展生态农业的必要性。在调查了自然条件和预测了环境变化趋势之后,借鉴当地现行农业生产的成功经验,阐述了发展生态农业的可能性。     

氨法烟气脱硫技术的工艺研究

采用亚硫酸铵作为吸收剂,对模拟烟气进行氨法烟气脱硫实验。考察了进口烟气温度、吸收液pH值、吸收液浓度、液气比对脱硫效率的影响,并对亚硫酸铵的氧化问题进行了研究。实验结果表明：进口烟气温度与脱硫效率成反比关系;吸收液pH值、吸收液浓度与脱硫效率成正比关系;吸收液pH值大于6.3、浓度大于1%时,氨逃逸随着二者的增大而增多...     

A comparison study of the start-up of a MnOx filter for catalytic oxidative removal of ammonium from groundwater and surface water

As an efficient method for ammonium (NH4+) removal, contact catalytic oxidation technology has drawn much attention recently, due to its good low temperature resistance and short start-up period. Two identical filters were employed to compare the process for ammonium removal during the start-up period for ammonium removal in groundwater (Filter-N) and surface water (Filter-S) treatment. Two types of source water (groundwater and surface water) were used as the feed waters for the filtration trials. Although the same initiating method was used, Filter-N exhibited much better ammonium removal performance than Filter-S. The differences in catalytic activity among these two filters were probed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and compositional analysis. XRD results indicated that different manganese oxide species were formed in Filter-N and Filter-S. Furthermore, the Mn3p XPS spectra taken on the surface of the filter films revealed that the average manganese valence of the inactive manganese oxide film collected from Filter-S (FS-MnOx) was higher than in the film collected from Filter-N (FN-MnOx). Mn(IV) was identified as the predominant oxidation state in FS-MnOx and Mn(III) was identified as the predominant oxidation state in FN-MnOx. The results of compositional analyses suggested that polyaluminum ferric chloride (PAFC) used during the surface water treatment was an important factor in the mineralogy and reactivity of MnOx. This study provides the theoretical basis for promoting the wide application of the technology and has great practical significance.     

纳米杀藻布杀藻效果研究

针对应急性杀藻需求,采用纳米材料研制了纳米杀藻布并对其进行了实验室和小型现场杀藻试验.结果显示,当纳米布面积为0.08cm²·mL^-1藻液时,光照3 000 lx下处理24h,藻悬浮液中微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、鱼腥藻(Anabaena 7120)、裸藻(Euglena gracilis)、衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)的细胞密度分别下降了77%、69.1%、89.1%和56.9%,硅藻舟型藻(Navicula incerta)的叶绿素下降了18.7%.在无锡五里湖水华发生现场小试结果显示处理1d可使水体Chla的水平下降76%.鱼类急性毒理测试显示该材料无毒性.     

都市大气环境中可吸入颗粒物的研究

本文简述了国内外有关大气颗粒物中的ＰＭ１０和ＰＭ２．５研究现状，主要围绕这些可吸入颗粒物的物理化学性质、流行病学和毒理学特征、源解析及其对能见度的影响等方面进行了论述。     

Release of volatile organic compounds during bio-drying of municipal solid waste

Three treatments were tested to investigate the release concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the bio-drying of municipal solid waste (MSW) by the aerobic and combined hydrolytic-aerobic processes. Results showed that VOCs were largely released in the first 4 days of bio-drying and the dominant components were: dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, benzene, 2-butanone, limonene and methylene chloride. Thus, the combined hydrolytic-aerobic process was suggested for MSW bio-drying due to fewer aeration quantities in this phase when compared with the aerobic process, and the treatment strategies should base on the key properties of these prominent components. Malodorous sulfur compounds and terpenes were mainly released in the early phase of bio-drying, whereas, two peaks of release concentrations appeared for aromatics and ketones during bio-drying. Notably, for the combined hydrolytic-aerobic processes there were also high concentrations of released aromatics in the shift from hydrolytic to aerobic stages. High concentrations of released chlorinateds were observed in the later phase. For the VOCs produced during MSW bio-drying, i.e., malodorous sulfur compounds, terpenes and chlorinateds, their release concentrations were mainly determined by production rates; for the VOCs presented initially in MSW, such as aromatics, their transfer and transport in MSW mainly determined the release concentrations.