SFBR工艺顺序进行硝化和反硝化的动力学研究

采用序半连续式反应器（sequencing fed-batch reactor,简称SFBR）对人工合成废水顺序地进行硝化和反硝化动力学进行了研究.硝化和反硝化所用微生物为活性污泥.反应器在不同的操作条件进行操作,获得了用于确定动力学常数的数据;获得动力学参数um=0.05 h-1,KNO=2.0 mg/L,y=0.47 mg X/mg N,a=0.001 h^-1.类似地确定了反硝化动力学参数kD=0.01 h^-1和KD,NO=0.4 mg/L.在一定范围内硝化和反硝化速率随着氨浓度和硝酸盐浓度的增加而增加.实验数据表明,硝化和反硝化的动力学符合Monod动力学方程.     

Spatial distribution of mercury in topsoil from five regions of China

The concentrations and distributions of mercury (Hg) in topsoil from four provinces and one municipality in China were investigated. A total of 1,254 samples were collected and analyzed. The average concentrations of Hg were 0.064 mg kg^?1 for Liaoning Province, 0.100 mg kg^?1 for Jiangsu Province, 0.110 mg kg^?1 for Zhejiang Province, 0.154 mg kg^?1 for Sichuan Province, and 0.098 mg kg^?1 for Chongqing Municipality. Although differences were found among the ranges of Hg concentrations, the average values for each region were similar with other published data. The concentrations of Hg in topsoil varied largely upon the sampling locations. More than 80 % of the soil samples from Liaoning Province, Jiangsu Province, Zhejiang Province, and Chongqing Municipality, were ranked Grade I by the China Environmental Quality Standard for Soils, which can be considered as not contaminated by Hg. The concentrations of Hg in 0.3–0.4 % of soils collected from Jiangsu Province, Zhejiang Province and Chongqing Municipality exceeded the limitation for Grade III, indicating the contamination of Hg in these sites. The sources and potential risks of Hg in these sites should be brought to attention and further investigated.     

巯基改性活性炭对水溶液中汞的吸附性能研究

利用活性炭与巯基乙酸间的酯化反应,制备了巯基改性活性炭AC-SH,并通过静态吸附实验研究了该材料对水溶液中汞的吸附性能。研究结果表明,该改性方法可以在活性炭上嫁接2.31 mmol/g的巯基,AC-SH对汞的最大吸附容量高达556 mg/g;AC-SH的适用pH值范围非常广,在pH 1.5～10.5范围内其对汞的吸附去除率均达到90％以上,最佳吸附pH值范围为3～7;氯离子对AC-SH的吸附性能具有一定的抑制作用,原因在于它能和汞离子络合形成一系列吸附性能较差的Hg-Cl络合物。     

电化学氧化法处理模拟黄连素制药废水的研究

以RuO2/Ti为阳极,研究了电化学氧化法对黄连素制药废水的处理效果.通过比较在KCI与K2SO42种支持电解质体系中的处理效果,同时考察了电流强度、初始pH、电解质浓度和电极间距等因素对废水中黄连素及COD去除率的影响,明确了电化学原位生成活性氯是黄连素降解的主要原因;确定了电流强度、pH、电解质浓度和电极间距等最优...     

固定化氧化还原介体加速亚硝酸盐生物反硝化作用

考察了利用循环伏安法所制备的固定化氧化还原介体(AQS/PPy/ACF)加速亚硝酸盐生物反硝化的特性,及其降解过程中pH和氧化还原电位(ORP)的变化特征。结果表明,AQS/PPy/ACF可显著地加速亚硝酸盐的生物降解;在不考虑各因子间交互作用的条件下,AQS/PPy/ACF加速亚硝酸盐降解的最佳条件为温度35℃,pH=8和碳氮比为6;AQS/PPy/ACF加速亚硝酸盐生物反硝化过程中pH的变化趋势与传统的亚硝酸盐生物反硝化过程中pH的变化趋势相似;AQS/PPy/ACF的加入可使亚硝酸盐生物反硝化过程中的ORP降低约45 mV;AQS/PPy/ACF具有较好的催化稳定性。本研究可为亚硝酸盐的生物降解提供新的技术途径,并为该技术的实际应用提供理论基础。     

复合人工湿地在处理生活污水中的应用研究

通过对石家庄机械化步兵学院人工湿地污水处理系统、工艺特点和运行结果进行分析,得出人工湿地系统运行水质变化、植物特性和湿地结构的一些规律及存在的问题.     

长江上游重点流域土地利用变化过程对比研究

在分析了目前广泛使用的土地利用动态度模型存在的不足的基础上,提出了转出速度、转入速度、综合动态度、状态指数模型,并指出只有综合运用这些模型才能全面的描述单一土地利用类型的动态变化情况.在遥感和GIS技术的支持下,以上世纪50年代中期1∶5万地形图、1972年MSS图像、1986年和2000年TM图像为信息源,分1955-1972年、1972-1986年和1986-2000年三个时段,运用所建立的数学模型定量研究了自上世纪50年代中期以来长江上游两个重点流域(岷江上游和嘉陵江中下游)土地利用/覆被变化过程. 结果表明,近50年间的三个时段内岷江上游(前者)和嘉陵江中下游地区(后者)土地利用结构均发生了明显变化.岷江上游林地面积持续减少,减幅分别为2.18%、2.43%和0.60%,目前该区毁林现象得到明显遏制.嘉陵江中下游林地面积变化呈现减-减-增的态势,变化幅度分别为-6.90%、-0.15%和3.30%,"天然林保护"和"退耕还林还草"工程在该流域已初见成效.前者草地面积持续增加,增幅分别为2.16%、2.13%和0.54%;后者草地面积呈现出增-减-减的态势,变化幅度分别为16.89%、-8.27%、-3.70%.前者耕地面积呈现减-增-增的状态,变幅分别为-1.41%、1.67%和0.77%;后者则呈现增-增-减的态势,变幅分别为0.67%、0.88%和-1.21%;两流域建设用地面积均持续增加,前者三个时段增幅分别为1.85%、1.02%和10.34%,后者则为7.27%、5.16%和32.89%,后者三个时段建设用地增幅均远高于岷江上游.最后作者对长江上游生态环境的恢复与重建提出了相应的建议.     

Variations and sources of ambient formaldehyde for the 2008 Beijing Olympic games

As the host city of the 2008 Olympic games, Beijing implemented a series of air pollution control measures before and during the Olympic games. Ambient formaldehyde (HCHO) concentrations were measured using a fluorometric instrument based on a diffusion scrubber and the Hantzsch reaction; hydrocarbons were simultaneously measured using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Meteorological parameters, CO, O₃, and NO₂ concentrations were measured by standard commercial instrumentation. In four separate periods: (a) before the vehicle plate number control (3–19 July); (b) during the Olympic Games (8–24 August); (c) during the Paralympic Games (6–17 September) and (d) after the vehicle control was ceased (21–28 September), the average HCHO mixing ratios were 7.31 ± 2.67 ppbv, 5.54 ± 2.41 ppbv, 8.72 ± 2.48 ppbv, and 6.42 ± 2.79 ppbv, while the total non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) measured were 30.41 ± 18.08 ppbv, 18.12 ± 9.38 ppbv, 30.50 ± 13.37 ppbv, and 33.33 ± 15.85 ppbv, respectively. Both HCHO and NMHC levels were the lowest during the Olympic games, and increased again during the Paralympic games even with the same vehicle control measures operative. Similar diurnal HCHO and O₃ patterns indicated that photo-oxidation of NMHCs may be the major source of HCHO. The diurnal profile of total NMHCs was very similar to that of NO₂ and CO: morning and evening peaks appeared in rush hours, indicating even after strict vehicle control, automobile emission may still be the dominant source of the HCHO precursors. The contributions of HCHO, alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics to OH loss rates were also calculated. HCHO contributed 22 ± 3% to the total VOCs and 24 ± 1% to the total OH loss rate. HCHO was not only important in term of abundance, but also important in chemical reactivity in the air.     

华南电子垃圾回收区农田土壤重金属污染及其化学形态分布

广东清远龙塘镇作为电子垃圾回收地区,已从事电子垃圾处置超过30年,可能给当地的农田土壤带来了严重的风险。为评价龙塘农田土壤中重金属污染程度,采集28个农田土壤样品,用于研究As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Sn、Zn10种重金属含量及其不同存在形态。结果表明,与中国食用农产品产地环境质量标准比较,大多数当地农田土壤已在不同程度上受到重金属污染,85.7%的土壤样品中有一种或多种重金属的含量超过了相应的评价标准值。化学形态分析结果表明,除Hg外,人为来源的其她重金属更多地进入了可迁移形态部分(弱酸可溶态+可还原态+可氧化态),从而具有更高的毒害性和生物有效性,该电子垃圾处置区农田土壤已基本不适于食用农产品种植。大多数重金属在0.05或0.01水平上具有显著的相关性,这表明龙塘镇土壤重金属污染主要来源于不受控制的电子垃圾回收活动。对中国或其他国家具有类似的粗放式电子垃圾回收处置地区来说,有关龙塘镇农田土壤中重金属污染水平及其潜在的生物毒害性研究具有代表性意义。     

6种矿质元素对青菜中硝酸盐含量的影响

通过盆栽试验 ,研究了B、K、Mn、Mg、Zn、Co对青菜中硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明 :增施硼酸钠后第 2 0天 ,青菜硝酸盐含量比对照降低 1 4 84%～ 1 9 56 % ;增施K、Mn、Mg、Zn、Co也能降低青菜硝酸盐含量。每盆增施0 1gZnSO4 后第 1 0天 ,青菜中硝酸盐含量比对照减少 1 8 96 % ,每盆增施 0 1gK2 SO4 后第 2 0天 ,青菜中硝酸盐含量比对照减少 2 1 42 % ;矿质元素的施用量对青菜硝酸盐含量影响较大。