长江上游重点流域土地利用变化过程对比研究

在分析了目前广泛使用的土地利用动态度模型存在的不足的基础上,提出了转出速度、转入速度、综合动态度、状态指数模型,并指出只有综合运用这些模型才能全面的描述单一土地利用类型的动态变化情况.在遥感和GIS技术的支持下,以上世纪50年代中期1∶5万地形图、1972年MSS图像、1986年和2000年TM图像为信息源,分1955-1972年、1972-1986年和1986-2000年三个时段,运用所建立的数学模型定量研究了自上世纪50年代中期以来长江上游两个重点流域(岷江上游和嘉陵江中下游)土地利用/覆被变化过程. 结果表明,近50年间的三个时段内岷江上游(前者)和嘉陵江中下游地区(后者)土地利用结构均发生了明显变化.岷江上游林地面积持续减少,减幅分别为2.18%、2.43%和0.60%,目前该区毁林现象得到明显遏制.嘉陵江中下游林地面积变化呈现减-减-增的态势,变化幅度分别为-6.90%、-0.15%和3.30%,"天然林保护"和"退耕还林还草"工程在该流域已初见成效.前者草地面积持续增加,增幅分别为2.16%、2.13%和0.54%;后者草地面积呈现出增-减-减的态势,变化幅度分别为16.89%、-8.27%、-3.70%.前者耕地面积呈现减-增-增的状态,变幅分别为-1.41%、1.67%和0.77%;后者则呈现增-增-减的态势,变幅分别为0.67%、0.88%和-1.21%;两流域建设用地面积均持续增加,前者三个时段增幅分别为1.85%、1.02%和10.34%,后者则为7.27%、5.16%和32.89%,后者三个时段建设用地增幅均远高于岷江上游.最后作者对长江上游生态环境的恢复与重建提出了相应的建议.     

SFBR工艺顺序进行硝化和反硝化的动力学研究

采用序半连续式反应器（sequencing fed-batch reactor,简称SFBR）对人工合成废水顺序地进行硝化和反硝化动力学进行了研究.硝化和反硝化所用微生物为活性污泥.反应器在不同的操作条件进行操作,获得了用于确定动力学常数的数据;获得动力学参数um=0.05 h-1,KNO=2.0 mg/L,y=0.47 mg X/mg N,a=0.001 h^-1.类似地确定了反硝化动力学参数kD=0.01 h^-1和KD,NO=0.4 mg/L.在一定范围内硝化和反硝化速率随着氨浓度和硝酸盐浓度的增加而增加.实验数据表明,硝化和反硝化的动力学符合Monod动力学方程.     

Investigation on thermal dechlorination and catalytic pyrolysis in a continuous process for liquid fuel recovery from mixed plastic wastes

A continuous system (feeding rate >1 kg/h) consisting of thermal dechlorination pre-treatment and catalytic pyrolysis with Fe-restructured clay (Fe-RC) catalyst was developed for feedstock recycling of PVC-containing mixed plastic waste. The vented screw conveyor which was specially designed for continuous dechlorination was able to achieve dechlorination efficiency of over 90 % with a feedstock retention time longer than 35.5 min. The chlorine content of the pyrolytic oil obtained after dechlorination was in the range of 6.08–39.50 ppm, which meet the specification for reclamation pyrolytic oil in Japan. Fe-RC was found to significantly improve the yield of pyrolytic oil (achieved to 83.73 wt%) at the optimized pyrolysis temperature of 450 °C and catalyst dosage of 60 g. With the optimized parameters, Fe-RC showed high selectivity for the C₉–C₁₂ and C₁₃–C₁₉ oil fraction, which are the major constituents of kerosene and diesel fuel, demonstrating that this catalyst can be applied in the pyrolysis of mixed plastic wastes for the production of kerosene and diesel fuel. Overall, the continuous process exhibited high stability and consistently high-oil yield upon reaching steady state, indicating its potential up-scaling application in the industry.     

Drag Partition and Its Possible Implications for Dust Emission

The mechanisms for dust emission involve the saltation of sand-sized particles and the transfer of momentum from the atmosphere to the surface. Roughness elements on aeolian surfaces influence the transfer of momentum through the partition of total momentum flux into a pressure drag on roughness elements and a skin drag on substrate surface. The objective of this study is to better understand the mechanisms for momentum transfer over rough surfaces and drag partition, so that better dust-emission parameterization schemes can be developed. A large-eddy simulation model is implemented for the purpose. We perform computational simulations of turbulent flows over individual and arrays of roughness elements. Further, we examine how roughness elements affect drag partition and dust emission. The results lead to a possible new concept of dust emission over rough surfaces.     

Comprehensive source identification and apportionment analysis of five heavy metals in soils in Wenzhou City,China

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - The source identification and apportionment of heavy metals (HMs) is a vital issue for restoring contaminated soil. In this study, qualitative approaches [a...     

储罐区有机气体排放综合治理技术研究

针对石化企业储罐大小呼吸产生的有机气体,提出了一种基于活性炭吸附-真空解吸-多级冷凝回收的综合治理方法。储罐产生的挥发性有机气体首先经由气体收集系统送入装置,由两个活性炭罐交替吸附后排放达标的尾气。活性炭吸附饱和后采用真空解吸,解吸后的气体由多级冷凝机组冷却至液态并最终送回罐区。该方法能够对储罐区的多种物料如苯、二甲苯、油气等进行综合治理,在达到环保要求的同时为企业节省成本。     

Study on machinability of a stellite alloy with uncoated and coated carbide tools in turning

Stellite alloys, which have been widely used in the aerospace, automotive and chemical industries, are hard-to-cut cobalt-based materials. This study investigates the machinability of stellite 12 alloys with uncoated carbide cutting tool grades YG610 (K01-K10) and YT726 (K05-K10/M20) and SANDVIK coated carbide tool SNMG150612-SM1105 under dry cutting conditions. Both wear mechanisms and failure modes of the uncoated and coated tools were investigated with turning experiments. The results show that the coated tool SM1105 remarkably outperforms the uncoated tools; and the cutting tool YG610 generally outperforms YT726 under all cutting conditions. Built-up edge was found with YG610 in some cutting conditions and with SM1105 at cutting speed of 16 m/min. Tool surface burning marks were observed on YT726 at relatively higher cutting speeds. Wear develops slowly with coated tools SM1105 until VB reaches 0.2 mm at most conditions (except at v = 43 m/min, f = 0.25 mm/r). Excessive tool flank typically resulted in tool breakage at the cutting edge for uncoated tools. Abrasive and adhesive wear of cutting tools were observed at low cutting speeds while diffusion and chemical wear occurred at higher cutting speeds.     

高校开设环境教育公共必修课探究

在高校中开设环境教育公共必修课,培养大学生的环境意识,提高环境素质,是实现可持续发展的一个重要措施。本文阐述了环境教育的内涵,论述了国内外高校环境教育的发展概况,分析了高校开设环境教育公共必修课的必要性。以济南市为例,对高校学生和教师分别进行了问卷调查,从学生的环境意识和环境行为、学校开设环境教育公共必修课的现状、师生对环境教育公共必修课的态度等方面进行了调查。结合调查结果。总结出中国高校环境教育公共必修课建设存在的主要问题,如高校对环境教育的重视不足、环境教育课程体系不合理、教学形式单一、师资力量薄弱等,并借鉴国外环境教育的经验,提出完善高校环境教育公共必修课的建议和措施。     

水解酸化-厌氧-好氧法处理苯甲酸类化工废水研究

以某化工生产企业废水为例,介绍了水解酸化-厌氧-SBR工艺处理高浓度苯甲酸类生产废水的工程实例,该工程设计规模为70m^3／d,综合进水CODcr高达15000mg／L。实践表明,该工艺处理苯甲酸类废水是一种经济有效的处理方法。利用水解酸化对废水进行预处理,不仅有效地去除了77％的CODcr,还大幅提高了废水的可生化性,使BOD5／COD值由原水的0．33升高到O．54,提高了废水的可生化性,减轻了后续生化处理的负荷,并使最终出水CODcr小于500mg／L,出水可达《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978～1996）三级排放标准。     

上海市农村富营养化河道生态修复工程研究

用食藻虫引导沉水植物生态修复工程技术对上海市临港新城果园镇里塘河道富营养化水体进行了工程治理和生态修复,辅以种植沉水植物,采取开放式生态修复和治理。每月水质跟踪检测结果表明:该工程治理方法具有显著生态修复效果,水质得到明显改善;COD_Mn、TN、TP在最低平均值时分别比生态修复前下降了60.67%、85.36%、88.74%;氨氮、亚硝态氮和叶绿素a在生态修复中的最低平均值分别为0.088 mg/L、0.024 mg/L和5.31 mg/m³;试验期间,修复区水体TN、TP、NO₂-N、NH₄-N和COD_Mn显著低于对照区,水体透明度（SD）平均为150～180 cm,水质达到国家Ⅱ～Ⅲ类地表水水质标准。