Antimicrobial activity of silver loaded MnO2 nanomaterials with different crystal phases against Escherichia coli

Silver-loaded MnO_2 nanomaterials(Ag/MnO_2),including Ag/α-MnO_2,Ag/β-MnO_2,Ag/γ-MnO_2and Ag/δ-MnO_2 nanorods,were prepared with hydrothermal and impregnation methods.The bactericidal activities of four types of Ag/MnO_2 nanomaterials against Escherichia coli were investigated and an inactivation mechanism involving Ag~+ and reactive oxygen species(ROS)was also proposed.The bactericidal activities of Ag/MnO_2 depended on the MnO_2 crystal phase.Among these nanomaterials,Ag/β~-MnO_2 showed the highest bactericidal activity.There was a 6-log decrease in E.coli survival number after treatment with Ag/β~-MnO_2 for120 min.The results of 5,5-dimethyl-l-pyrroline-N-oxide spin-trapping measurements by electron spin resonance indicate OH and O_2~- formation with addition of Ag/β-MnO_2,Ag/γ-MnO_2 or Ag/δ-MnO_2.The strongest peak of OH appeared for Ag/β-MnO_2,while no OH or ·O_2~-signal was found over Ag/α-MnO_2.Through analysis of electron spin resonance(ESR) and Ag+elution results,it could be deduced that the toxicity of Ag~+ eluted from Ag/MnO_2 nanomaterials and ROS played the main roles during the bactericidal process.Silver showed the highest dispersion on the surface of β-MnO_2,which promoted ROS formation and the increase of bactericidal activity.Experimental results also indicated that Ag/MnO_2 induced the production of intracellular ROS and disruption of the cell wall and cell membrane.     

中国露天生物质燃烧的温室气体排放及秸秆禁燃政策的协同减排效应

露天生物质燃烧是温室气体(CO₂、CH₄、N₂O)的重要排放源之一,这些排放可影响本地、区域和全球的大气化学和气候变化,并带来一系列生态环境问题,进而对人类及其他生物的生存环境产生影响.本研究采用卫星火点排放清单(FINN),对2010—2019年中国露天生物质燃烧温室气体排放进行研究,并分析秸秆禁燃政策对温室气体排放的影响,对后续秸秆禁燃政策的制定具有重要参考价值.结果表明,我国2010—2019年平均年温室气体排放量为1.53×10⁸t(将CH₄和N₂O的温室效应换算为同等效应的CO₂当量单位),总体呈波动性下降趋势.温室气体排放量最大的植被类型是森林(7.43×10⁷t)和农作物(3.19×10⁷t),分别占总排放量的48.7%和20.9%.从月分布来看,露天生物质燃烧排放的温室气体集中在2—6月,3月是高峰值.从空间分布上看,排放主要集中在华南、西南和华东地区,占总排放量的72.9%...     

青岛秋冬季PM1中金属元素污染特征及健康风险评估

于2018年11月1日至2019年1月31日（OP_2018-2019）和2019年11月1日至2020年1月20日（OP_2019-2020）在青岛对PM₁进行了连续两年秋冬季逐日采集.将观测期划分为4个空气质量等级（Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级）,分析了PM₁中金属元素浓度特征及来源,评估了不同人群的非致癌风险（Zn、Pb、Mn、Cu和V）和致癌风险（As、Cr、Ni、Cd和Co）.结果表明,与OP_2018-2019相比,OP_2019-2020期间不同空气质量等级下金属元素总浓度变化与Ca、K和Al浓度变化有关,受扬尘源和生物质燃烧源影响较大.与OP_2018-2019相比,OP_2019-2020期间不同空气质量等级下V浓度分别下降19.0%、60.5%、82.7%和77.5%.推测与船舶国内排放控制区域（DECA）政策实施有关,青岛周边海域船舶改换燃油品质,导致V浓度大幅降低.由富集因子、比值法和气流后向轨迹结果进一步表明V浓度变化主要受DECA政策影响.然而,实施DECA政策后,V/Ni值作为判断区域内受船舶源影响的限值,需进一步探究.由健康风险评估结果表明,OP_2018-2019和OP_2019-2020期间非致癌元素Mn的危险系数范围为0.07~1.22,建议加强管控含Mn污染源的排放.OP_2018-2019和OP_2019-2020期间不同空气质量下As、Cd的终生致癌风险概率（ILCR）值低于10^-4,但高于10^-6,表明存在致癌概率,但仍可接受.OP_2018-2019期间空气质量为Ⅳ级时,Cr的ILCR值高于10^-4,存在致癌风险.     

Preparation and characterization of a lipoid adsorption material and its atrazine removal performance

A novel adsorbent named lipoid adsorption material (LAM), with a hydrophobic nucleolus (triolein) and a hydrophilic membrane structure (polyamide), was synthesized to remove hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) from solution. Triolein, a type of lipoid, was entrapped by the polyamide membrane through an interfacial polymerization reaction. The method of preparation and the structure of the LAM were investigated and subsequent experiments were conducted to determine the characteristics of atrazine (a type of HOC) removal from wastewater using LAM as the adsorbent. The results showed that LAM had a regular structure compared with the prepolymer, where compact particles were linked with each other and openings were present in the structure of the LAM in which the fat drops formed from triolein were entrapped. In contrast to the atrazine adsorption behavior of powdered activated carbon (PAC), LAM showed a persistent adsorption capacity for atrazine when initial concentrations of 0.57, 1.12, 8.31 and 19.01 mg/L were present, and the equilibrium time was 12 hr. Using an 8 mg/L initial concentration of atrazine as an indicator of HOCs in aqueous solution, experiments on the adsorption capacity of the LAM showed 69.3% removal within 6–12 hr contact time, which was close to the 75.5% removal of atrazine by PAC. Results indicated that LAM has two atrazine removal mechanisms, namely the bioaccumulation of atrazine by the nucleous material and physical adsorption to the LAM membrane. Bioaccumulation was the main removal mechanism.     

核电站事故后去除土壤处置方法研究

文中综述了国际国内放射性污染土壤处置方法研究进展,结合中国放射性废物处置法律法规,针对中国核电站站堆型,研究分析核电站事故后去除土壤的处置方法,并建议给出了适合于中国核电站事故后去除土壤的处置策略,为中国核电站事故后污染场地的清理方法、土壤去污处理方法的选择明确方向,为修复活动的监管提供技术支持,实现废物最小化。     

辐射环境监测数据合理性评价中的问题探讨

对辐射环境监测数据合理性评价中探测限附近的数据、监测结果趋势的分析和实验室分析过程控制中的相关问题进行分析和探讨,提出了意见和建议。     

十溴二苯乙烷对草鱼幼鱼肝脏和肌肉组织氧化应激效应的影响

十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)是目前在全球范围内广泛使用的新型溴代阻燃剂,其环境风险已引起广泛关注,但目前仍缺乏针对水生生物的毒性研究数据。作者通过饲料中添加十溴二苯乙烷暴露的方式对草鱼幼鱼进行长期暴露实验,研究500、1 000和3 000 mg·kg~(-1)三个饲料添加剂量暴露组和1个对照组长期暴露对草鱼幼鱼肝脏和肌肉组织中氧化应激酶(SOD、CAT和GSH-PX)活性和抗氧化物质(GSH)含量的影响。结果显示:暴露8周后,随着DBDPE暴露水平的升高,草鱼幼鱼肝脏组织中氧化应激酶(SOD、CAT和GSH-PX)和抗氧化物质(GSH)均表现出低浓度诱导及高浓度抑制的效应。500和1 000 mg·kg~(-1)剂量组草鱼幼鱼肝脏组织中SOD、CAT和GSH-PX活性和GSH含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05),且均在500 mg·kg~(-1)剂量组达到最高。3 000 mg·kg~(-1)剂量组SOD、CAT和GSH-PX活性和GSH含量低于500和1 000 mg·kg~(-1)暴露组,但与对照组无显著性差异(P0.05)。草鱼幼鱼肌肉组织中氧化应激酶活性变化甚微,3个浓度剂量组肌肉组织中SOD、CAT活性和GSH含量以及500 mg·kg~(-1)剂量组GSH-PX活性与对照组均无显著性差异(P0.05)。研究成果表明DBDPE暴露影响草鱼幼鱼肝脏组织的抗氧化防御系统,可以诱导草鱼幼鱼产生氧化应激效应。     

滇池不同水域凤眼莲生长特性及氮磷富集能力

在滇池草海和外海水域共选择6个试验点,采用围栏设施有控制地种养凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes),初始放养量为3 kg·m-2,每2周监测1次各试验点水质状况、凤眼莲生长特性指标和植株氮磷含量,对比研究滇池不同水域凤眼莲生长特性及氮磷富集能力差异.结果显示,外草海水域水体氮磷浓度较高,凤眼莲生物量增长速率最高,平均为542 g·m12·d-1,全年累积生物量最大,可达85.37 kg·m-2,植株TN、TP含量(以干质量计,下同)最高,分别为32.9和8.2 g· kg-1.外海白山湾水域水体氮磷浓度相对较低,凤眼莲生物量增长速率较低,平均为150 g·m-2·d-1,全年累积生物量较低,为27.00 kg·m-2,植株TN、TP含量较低,分别为15.0和6.4g· kg-1.水体pH值、氮磷含量和风浪是影响风眼莲生长的主要因素.     

气候变化对物种影响研究综述

综述了气候变化对物种的影响,表明气候变化会造成生物物候期的改变,导致物种地理分布的变化,增加物种的灭绝速率。分析了利用模型进行气候变化影响模拟的技术,指出模型的适用性和不确定性。最后,针对中国相关研究的不足,展望了未来开展气候变化影响研究的方向。     

Characterization of submicron aerosols in the urban outflow of the central Pearl River Delta region of China

Submicron aerosol particles (with aerodynamic diameters less than 1 μm, PM₁) were sampled and measured in Heshan, an urban outflow site of Guangzhou megacity in Pearl River Delta in South China, using an Aerodyne High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) in November 2010 during 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games. The mean PM₁ mass concentration measured was 47.9±17.0 μg·m^-3 during the campaign, with organic aerosol (OA) and sulfate being the two dominant species, accounting for 36.3% and 20.9% of the total mass, respectively, followed by black carbon (17.1%, measured by an aethalometer), nitrate (12.9%), ammonium (9.6%) and chloride (3.1%). The average size distributions of the species (except black carbon) were dominated by an accumulation mode peaking at ~550 nm. Calculations based on high-resolution organic mass spectrum showed that, C, H, O and N on average contributed 58.1%, 7.3%, 30.7%, and 3.9% to the total organic mass, respectively. The average ratio of organic mass over organic carbon mass (OM/OC) was 1.73±0.08. Four components of OA were identified by the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis, including a hydrocarbon-like (HOA), a biomass burning (BBOA) and two oxygenated (SV-OOA and LV-OOA) organic aerosol components, which on average accounted for 18.0%, 14.3%, 28.8% and 38.9% of the total organic mass, respectively.