加强学校应急管理与防范事故的研究

近年来,我国学校事故不断发生。据统计,仅2008年上半年全国学校伤亡人数就比2007年全年学校伤亡人数多出2．7倍,如此惊人的数字背后,更多的则是反映出如今学校管理工作中的缺陷与不足。所以,如何加强学校防范事故的能力,并且能够及时有效地处置突发事件则显得尤其重要。     

废旧家用电器回收利用及处理处置技术

随着大量家用电器进入报废期,废旧家用电器的资源化回收利用成为一个新的环境问题。介绍了国内外废旧家电的回收利用状况、处理方法和工艺流程,重点介绍了废印刷线路板的处理工艺和废塑料的再生利用,并针对我国的实际问题提出了相应的措施和办法。     

基于数值模拟的青岛市O3快速来源解析

为了建立臭氧污染快速来源解析方法,提高解析结果的时空分辨率,以2017、2018年青岛市环境空气质量精细化管理实践为契机,利用CAMx-OSAT模型的污染源识别与追踪技术,预测解析未来时段特别是污染期间不同区域、行业的排放源对目标站点O3浓度的贡献量和贡献率。结果显示:模拟的春、夏季2个时段青岛市的O3来源主要为工业、电厂、交通、生活源,2个时段的模拟结果本地和外来源中工业源的贡献分别占62. 0%和65. 0%,交通源分别占24. 5%和16. 0%,生活源分别占8. 4%和8. 0%,电厂源分别占5. 0%和11. 0%,O3高浓度污染时,工业源的贡献上升明显,青岛市的O3浓度外来源的贡献约占40%~80%。该数值模型O3来源解析及预测方法已成功用于青岛市的空气质量精细化管理及应急管控。     

Characteristics of slag, fly ash and deposited particles during melting of dewatered sewage sludge in a pilot plant

This study examines slag, fly ash, and deposited particles during melting of dewatered sewage sludge in a pilot plant. In addition, the chemical composition of particles in flue gas was simulated using a thermodynamics program, namely FACTSage 5.2. The results showed that the main components of slag were Al, Fe, Ca, P and Si; the minor components were Na, K, Mg, Cu, and Zn. The main chemical compound of slag was Ca4(Mg,Fe)5(PO4)6. For fly ash particles, heavy metals with the highest concentrations were in the order of Zn and As, Pb, Cu, and Cd, respectively. For non-heavy metals, Al, Fe and P were also found in significant amounts. The majority of deposited particles were composed of elements of Zn, P, S, Na, Fe, Al, Si, and Ca and such chemical compounds as Zn3(PO4)2, AlPO4, FePO4 and Fe(OH)3 while the minority consisted of elements of As, Cu, and Pb. Moreover, the compositions of deposited particles in each chamber differed due to different flue gas temperatures inside. In the secondary chamber at 760 degrees C, the amounts of Fe and Al were higher than Zn, whereas, in the other chambers (600-400 degrees C), the amount of Zn was higher. In other words, at the lower temperature the deposition of Zn was higher than the deposition of Fe and Al. In the water cooling section, volatile elements (i.e. Zn, As, Cu, Pb) were found in the highest concentrations due to a big difference in temperature between the wall surface and flue gas. From the simulation results, most of the elements in the gas phase were found to be chloride compounds, whereas those in the solid phase were in the form of oxide, sulfate, and phosphate compounds.     

施用垃圾堆肥土壤重金属在不同温度和酸雨条件下的淋溶特征

采用淋洗法,研究了垃圾堆肥中重金属在不同温度与模拟酸雨条件下的淋溶特征。结果表明,随着淋洗次数的增加,淋洗液中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni和Pb的含量都有很大程度的减少。Cd、Cr、Cu和Ni 4种金属在模拟酸雨的情况下淋出量明显高于蒸馏水的情况,增幅都在116%和351%之间,差异显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01),而酸雨对Pb的淋出影响较小。在酸雨淋洗下,重金属的淋出率在30℃时达到最大,其中Ni随着温度的变化相对较小。而在蒸馏水淋洗下,重金属的淋出率随着温度的变化相对平稳。此外,5种重金属的淋出率明显不同,其中Cr和Ni的淋出率相对较大,Pb最小。     

应用改进分光光度法测定多组分水样的COD

提出改进分光光度法测定多组分水样的化学需氧量(COD)。以多种物质的吸光曲线回归方程,将实时测得的水样吸光度分解成多种物质的吸光度,利用多元一次方程进行求解并计算出COD的方法。新方法对含邻苯二甲酸氢钾和丙烯酰胺水样测量的COD,误差平均值为+5.0%,对更多组分的水样测量紫外吸光度误差较大,通过引入修正系数修正后误差大幅下降,10次测量的变异系数约0.5%,精密度较好。通过分析新方法实际运用时存在的优劣之处,提出综合高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)来弥补其测量上不足的新型废水监测模式,以实现监测的快速测量、低耗能、低污染和实时性。     

Biosorption of divalent Pb, Cd and Zn on aragonite and calcite mollusk shells

The potential of using mollusk shell powder in aragonite (razor clam shells, RCS) and calcite phase (oyster shells, OS) to remove Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ from contaminated water was investigated. Both biogenic sorbents displayed very high sorption capacities for the three metals except for Cd on OS. XRD, SEM and XPS results demonstrated that surface precipitation leading to crystal growth took place during sorption. Calcite OS displayed a remarkably higher sorption capacity to Pb than aragonite RCS, while the opposite was observed for Cd. However, both sorbents displayed similar sorption capacities to Zn. These could be due to the different extent of matching in crystal lattice between the metal bearing precipitate and the substrates. The initial pH of the solution, sorbent’s dosage and grain size affected the removal efficiency of the heavy meals significantly, while the organic matter in mollusk shells affected the removal efficiency to a lesser extent.     

燃煤电厂袋式除尘器气流分布物理模型实验研究

根据相似理论建立了针对某燃煤电厂新建袋式除尘器工程的气流分布物理模型实验装置,并对其在典型工况下的气流分布情况进行了实验和分析.在此基础上,通过增加导流板和改变气流分布板的组合方式等措施,调整优化系统的气流分布情况,得出了适用于该项工程的气流分布设计和优化方案.     

不同竖井送排风方式下半横向通风隧道火灾特性与烟气发展规律研究

通过三维数值模拟方法,用连续方程、动量方程和能量方程描述隧道内火灾发生时气流的流动状态.采用Reynold时均方程法的k-ξluent软件,模拟研究3种工况下,竖井送、排风方式对某越江公路隧道火灾中热烟气排出状况的影响.即开启下游竖井内轴流风机和射流风机,分别采取上游竖井送风、上游竖井风机关闭和上游竖井排风3种方案.分析隧道行车道和排烟道内热烟气的速度场和温度场.结果表明,前两种方案阻碍火源处热烟气自顶部风口进入排烟道,风口横向排烟不具备及时、有效的特点,从而使整个隧道内温度较高;上下游竖井同时排风时,气流以较快速度进入排烟道,且隧道内几乎未留下热烟气,因此共同排烟是合理方案.通过本文研究可较全面地了解半横向通风隧道火灾的特性和烟气发展规律,从而为火灾烟气的控制提供优化通风方案.     

生物过滤法处理挥发性有机物的模型

介绍了生物过滤法处理挥发性有机物模型的研究现状,论述了过滤机理、污染物传递、生物膜增长与脱落、填料和生物膜表面形态学等方面的模型情况,指出了生物过滤法处理挥发性有机物模型的研究趋势,有助于理解生物过滤过程的内在规律和指导优化生物过滤系统的设计与运行。