基于PSR和云理论的农用地生态环境评价——以广东省新兴县为例

论文采用PSR框架构建评价指标体系,利用云理论分别构建定量指标与定性指标的云模型,对农用地生态环境进行评价。以广东省新兴县为例,得出新兴县农用地生态环境分值为0.75,农用地生态环境良好。并将云理论与模糊规则进行对比,得出新兴县农用地生态环境分值分别为0.75和0.70,两者结果差异不大,但是结果表明云理论能完整表达评价问题中的不确定性,避免模糊规则中隶属度函数确定繁琐的问题。     

The effects of air exposure on the desiccation rate and photosynthetic activity of Thalassia hemprichii and Enhalus acoroides

The effects of air exposure on the desiccation rate and photosynthetic activity of Thalassia hemprichii and Enhalus acoroides were studied using chlorophyll fluorescence. The desiccation rate of T. hemprichii was higher than that of E. acoroides, while the critical threshold of relative water content (RWC_critical) showed opposite trend. Neither the desiccation rate nor RWC_critical of T. hemprichii was significantly affected by temperature, while the desiccation rate of E. acoroides was affected significantly. For both species, the effective photochemical efficiency of PSII decreased gradually above the RWC_critical, while declined rapidly below the RWC_critical. After initial air exposure, the relative maximum electron transport rate of both seagrasses increased gradually to a maximum and then decreased to initial value near the RWC_critical. Therefore, short-term air exposure above the RWC_critical is beneficial for both seagrasses, and the RWC_critical should be considered when examining the response of seagrass photosynthesis to air exposure and selecting transplantation sites.     

镉胁迫对脊尾白虾的毒性效应研究

为揭示重金属镉对脊尾白虾的毒性效应,采用急性毒性实验方法,研究了不同浓度镉(Cd~(2+))对脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)血清氧化应激相关生理指标的活性以及肌肉组织中腺苷酸转移酶基因(ANT)和热激蛋白70基因(HSC70)表达水平的影响。共设置4个Cd2+浓度胁迫(0、0.0002、0.001、0.005 mmol·L~(-1)),分别在0、3、6、9、12、24、36、48、72和96 h共10个时间点对相关指标进行测定。结果显示:不同浓度镉胁迫下,脊尾白虾血清中H_2O_2含量、MDA含量和GSH含量均表现为先升高后降低的趋势,H2O2含量在胁迫3 h时即出现明显的升高,而MDA和GSH则均在9 h时出现升高趋势,表现为一定的滞后性。H2O2含量在0.005 mmol·L~(-1)胁迫3 h时出现峰值,MDA含量在0.005 mmol·L~(-1)胁迫9 h时出现峰值,GSH含量在0.001mmol·L~(-1)胁迫48 h时出现峰值,且均与对照组存在显著性差异(P0.05)。HSC70基因的表达量在不同浓度胁迫下均表现为先升高后降低的趋势,且均在24 h时达到峰值,具体表达量水平的顺序为:0.0002 mmol·L~(-1)0.001 mmol·L~(-1)0.005 mmol·L~(-1)。ANT基因的表达量在不同浓度下则均表现为明显的下调趋势。由此可见,急性Cd~(2+)胁迫不仅影响脊尾白虾的氧化应激相关生理指标,还影响机体内组成型HSC70及与能量传递有关的ANT基因的表达水平。     

WNS型燃气蒸汽锅炉管板（管口）泄漏原因分析

某医院有两台WNS10-1.25-Y/Q燃气锅炉,连续发生多次回燃室前管板烟管管口泄漏故障,分析了缺陷产生的原因,并提出了解决方法。在长期交变热应力作用下,烟管管口角焊缝熔合线区域产生内部微裂纹,微裂纹在交变热应力（断口分析的形貌为韧窝）的作用下逐步扩展,形成内部宏观（金相检验时发现了多条内部裂纹,且裂纹走向是平行于烟管轴向的方向）,裂纹沿着轴向向烟管前后端扩展,最终扩展到管端,并穿透管壁,导致锅炉汽水从裂口泄漏。     

Microsatellite variation and significant population genetic structure of endangered finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) in Chinese coastal waters and the Yangtze River

The finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) inhabits a wide range of tropical and temperate waters of the Indo-Pacific region. Genetic structure of finless porpoises in Chinese waters in three regions (Yangtze River, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea) was analyzed, including the Yangtze finless porpoise which is widely known because of its highly endangered status and unusual adaptation to freshwater. To assist in conservation and management of this species, ten microsatellite loci were used to genotype 125 individuals from the three regions. Contrary to the low genetic diversity revealed in previous mtDNA control region sequence analyses, relatively high levels of genetic variation in microsatellite profiles (H _E = 0.732–0.795) were found. Bayesian clustering analysis suggested that finless porpoises in Chinese waters could be described as three distinct genetic groups, which corresponded well to population “units” (populations, subspecies, or species) delimited in earlier studies, based on morphological variation, distribution, and genetic analyses. Genetic differentiation between regions was significant, with F _ST values ranging from 0.07 to 0.137. Immigration rates estimated using a Bayesian method and population ancestry analyses suggested no or very limited gene flow among regional types, even in the area of overlap between types. These results strongly support the classification of porpoises in these regions into distinct evolutionarily significant units, including at least two separate species, and therefore they should be treated as different management units in the design and implementation of conservation programmes.     

21世纪城市生活垃圾生态化处理展望

我国目前由于管理,经济,技术以及公众环境意识的薄弱,城市生活垃圾已成为污染环境的一大公富,大致使大量有用资源浪费,就生态城市建设中垃圾生态化处理的重要性和对策进行了探讨,以期推动我国城市生活垃圾生态化处理和生态城市建设工作的开展。     

采用絮凝—接触氧化法处理酿酒行业废水

采用絮凝-接触氧化法处理酿酒行业废水,原废水CODcr浓度为1627-2334mg/L,SS浓度为2095-2301mg/L,BOD5浓度为981-1005mg/L,色度为80-110倍,用絮凝-接触氧化法处理后,CODer浓度为280-295mg/L,SS浓度为178-199mg/L,CODcr浓度为145-150mg/L,色度为20-25倍,CODcr平均去除率为85%。悬浮物平均去除率为91%,BOD5平均去除率为85%,色度平均去除率为77%,各项指标符合国家排废标准。     

上海水体中抗生素抗性基因的分布特征

为研究上海市水体中抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic Resistance Genes,ARGs)的污染状况和分布特征,采集17个不同地段的水样,进行了耐药菌和ARGs丰度的检测。结果表明,水中磺胺嘧啶类耐药菌、氨苄青霉素类耐药菌、环丙沙星类耐药菌、氯霉素类耐药菌的耐药率分别为14.81%~94.55%、0~46.60%、0~91.07%、0~87.5%。养殖场周围河流总耐药菌量普遍高于非养殖场周围河流。非养殖场周围水体和养殖场周围水体中抗生素抗性基因sul1、amp R、qnr S、cml A均被检出。定量PCR的检测结果表明,非养殖场周围水体和养殖场周围水体中氯霉素类抗性基因含量最高,其次为磺胺类抗性基因,养殖场周围水体抗生素抗性基因含量普遍高于非养殖场周围水体。抗生素抗性基因sul1、amp R、qnr S、cml A的含量与微生物、温度、悬浮物等影响因素显著性相关(p0.05),表明在水环境中这些影响因子对抗生素抗性基因的分布影响较大。     

电渗析法脱除氨法烟气脱硫浆液中的氟离子

利用异相膜电渗析装置去除氨法烟气脱硫浆液中的F~-。考察了脱硫浆液p H、F~-初始质量浓度、Cl~-初始质量浓度、膜堆两端电压、浓缩室和淡化室循环流量等操作参数对F~-去除效果的影响。实验结果表明:在酸性条件下,F~-去除率更高;脱硫浆液中F~-初始质量浓度越高,F~-去除率越高;Cl~-初始质量浓度较低时会增加F~-去除率,过高时又会降低F~-去除率。优化的操作条件为:膜堆两端电压25 V,浓缩室和淡化室循环流量300 L/h。一级电渗析进行100 min后,Cl~-去除率接近100%,F~-去除率只有47.3%。二级电渗析进行100 min时,F~-去除率达92.2%。一、二级电渗析F~-累积去除率达96.1%。     

Characteristics and sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Shanghai, China

A field campaign was conducted to measure and analyze 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in six major zones in the city of Shanghai, P.R. China from August 2006 to April 2007. Ambient air samples were collected seasonally using passive air samplers, and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy was used in this field campaign. The results showed that there was a sequence of 13 PAHs at Phen > FA > Pyr > Chr > Fl > An > BaA > BbFA > BghiP > IcdP > BkFA > BaP > DahA and the sum of these PAHs is 36.01 ± 10.85 ng/m³ in gas phase. FL, Phen, FA, Pyr, and Chr were the dominant PAHs in gas phase in the city. They contributed 90% of total PAHs in the gas phase. Proportion of measured PAHs with three, four, five, and six rings to total PAHs was 53%, 42%, 3%, and 2%, respectively. The highest concentration of ΣPAHs (the sum of 13 PAHs) occurred in the wintertime and the lowest was in the summer. This investigation suggested that traffic, wood combustion, and metal scrap burn emissions were dominant sources of the concentrations of PAHs in six city zones compared with coal burning and industry emissions. Further, the traffic emission sources of PAHs in the city were attributed mostly to gasoline-powered vehicles compared with diesel-powered vehicles. It was revealed that the seasonal changes in PAHs in the city depended on different source types. Metal scrap burn was found to be the major source of PAHs during the autumn, while the PAH levels in the atmosphere for winter and spring seasons were mainly influenced by wood and biomass combustion. Comparisons of PAHs among different city zones and with several other cities worldwide were also made and discussed.