Energy-saving benefits from plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: perspectives based on real-world measurements

Promoting plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) is one important option to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants for road transportation sector. In 2015, more than 220,000 new PHEVs were registered across the world, indicating a 25-fold growth during 2011–2015. However, more criticizes have been put forward against the current energy efficiency regulations for vehicles that are mostly depended on laboratory measurements. To better understand the real-world energy-saving and emission mitigation benefits from PHEVs, we conducted on-road testing experiments under various operating conditions for two in-use PHEVs in Beijing, China. Our results indicate that air condition usage, congested traffic conditions, and higher loading mass could significantly increase energy consumption and shorten actual all-electric distance for PHEVs. For example, the worst case (14.1 km) would occur under harshest usage conditions, which is lower by at least 35% than the claimed range over 20 km. In charge sustaining (CS) mode, real-world fuel consumption also presents a large range from 3.5 L/100 km to 6.3 L/100 km because of varying usage conditions. Furthermore, various vehicle users have significantly different travel profiles, which would lead to large heterogeneity of emission mitigation benefits among individual PHEV adopters. Therefore, this study suggests that the global policy makers should use real-world energy efficiency of emerging electrified powertrain techniques as criteria to formulate relevant regulations and supportive policies.     

Cu2+或表面活性剂AE对黄鳝肝损伤的超微结构观察

利用透射电镜研究了亚致死浓度的Cu^2 或表面活性剂AE(脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚)对黄鳝肝细胞结构的损伤作用．观察发现，在ρ(Cu^2 )=4．5mg／L的污染环境中，黄鳝肝脏细胞核变形，染色质凝集，内质网囊泡化，细胞质中出现较多的溶酶体和过氧化物酶体；在ρ(AE)=4．0mg／L的表面活性剂污染下，黄鳝肝脏细胞核变形，内质网呈线状，溶酶体、过氧化物酶体体积大、数量多，部分细胞质解体，细胞中出现空腔甚至死亡．图版1参10     

低施磷水平下不同施肥对太湖地区黄泥土磷迁移性的影响

对太湖地区水稻土上长达13年的长期不同施肥处理的某试验田进行了土壤全磷、树脂磷和水溶性磷的测定分析.不同处理的年施磷量为0～53kg/(hm²·a),土壤全磷为0.3～0.5g·k^-1.根据土壤磷素的质量平衡,计算表明该水稻土存在的磷素流失量为2～8kg/(hm²·a),单施化肥下的流失量最大,为配施有机肥处理的2～4倍;水溶性磷的比率在0.2%～0.4%间,且不同施肥实践对其的影响不明显.但单施化肥有使亚表层树脂磷和水溶性磷含量提高的倾向.长期施用化肥配施大量鲜猪粪使树脂磷含量提高20～40 mg·kg^-1,但与长期施用化肥配施秸秆的处理一样没有发生在有机质增加下的磷活化而提高磷流失.这些说明本地区长期单施化肥的水稻土中可能存在强烈的磷流失,且水稻土磷流失并不以水溶解发生.为了防止水稻土磷的强烈水流失而加剧农业非点源污染,要避免长期单施化肥,而应坚持和推广配施适量有机肥.     

Zn2+胁迫及恢复下番茄幼苗根系中抗氧化系统的动态变化

通过温室水培试验,研究1.0×10-4mol/LZn2 胁迫及解除胁迫对番茄(Lycopersicom esculentum Mill.)幼苗根系中抗氧化系统的动态变化.结果表明,胁迫条件下,番茄根系丙二醛(MDA)和蛋白质含量增加;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD,EC1.15.1.1),过氧化氢酶(CAT,EC1.11.1.6)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX,EC1.11.1.9)活性上升,而过氧化物酶(POD,EC1.11.1.7)活性下降;AsA-GSH循环代谢受影响;抗坏血酸过氧化酶(APX,EC1.11.1.11)活性在胁迫d1、d3上升,随后下降,而谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR,EC1.6.4.2)活性在胁迫1~5d时下降,随后上升;抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量上升.解除胁迫后,根系中MDA和蛋白质含量随时间延长逐渐减少,接近对照;POD和APX活性增加,而SOD、CAT和GR活性及GSH含量先升高,随后减少;GPX活性和AsA含量却降低;恢复后根系中抗氧化物水平仍然高于对照.依据实验结果,文中讨论了胁迫及恢复过程中植物AsA-GSH循环代谢的作用.图3参16     

攀钢修建公司安全管理工作的经验

叙述了安全与经济效益及安全管理与施工进度、工期的关系,指出安全工作必须从严从细、从实管理,走现代化的管理之路。     

公众参与视角下的邻避行动研究

邻避行动的现有研究通常更关注利益分配是否公正,补偿措施是否到位,政府是否失责等.然而,邻避行动的另一诱发因素来自于利益分配过程中的公众参与.基于这一视角,邻避事件中公众与政府的冲突问题被还原为管理问题,矛盾的纠结点被归纳为各利益相关者之间的互动和沟通问题.通过运用参与式评价工具,对K市垃圾焚烧项目各阶段的公众参与情况进行了实地调查,在此基础上,总结了邻避行动的成因与演变逻辑,制定了公众参与策略.     

金沙江白格滑坡及堰塞湖洪水灾害分析∗

2018年10月10日和11月3日,西藏自治区江达县波罗乡白格村金沙江右岸同一位置先后两次发生滑坡堵江灾害,滑坡体方量分别约为1 000×10⁴ m³和283×10⁴ m³,其中第一次滑坡为高位、高剪出口、高速滑坡,第二次滑坡则为第一次滑坡牵引区进一步发展的结果。在堵塞金沙江近2 d及9 d后,滑坡堰塞湖蓄水量达到峰值分别为2.9×10⁸ m³和5.24×10⁸ m³,并分别在自然泄流和人工开挖泄流槽两种方式下开始从堰塞体右岸垭口处过流,其中第二次滑坡堰塞湖溃决洪水造成西藏、四川和云南3省（自治区）多处房屋、道路、桥梁和耕地受损,无人员伤亡。基于两次滑坡及溃决洪水受灾区现场勘测调查,并结合相关资料,对比分析了两次滑坡堰塞湖的处置及溃决洪水灾害情况,启示如下：越早进行人工干预,灾害越轻;为更好地应对今后可能出现的滑坡堰塞湖溃决洪水,水电站应提高设计标准并充分发挥其收蓄洪水的能力。     

Mitigation paths for Chinese iron and steel industry to tackle global climate change

Based on a recognition of the essence of climate change and the pressure on China to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, this paper interprets the important role that the Chinese iron and steel industry may play in managing emissions. Through an investigation of the key sources of GHG emissions in the Chinese iron and steel industry, a comparison of the current Chinese and international situations, and a survey of the technology and methods available for reducing GHG emissions, and their application in China, the authors analyze the major issues currently faced by the Chinese iron and steel industry, and propose the following four approaches through which the industry might reduce its GHG emissions: (1) encouragement of clean development mechanism (CDM) projects, mainly involving secondary energy reuse, to provide capital and technology for GHG reduction activities in China; (2) stimulation of the social responsibility-based voluntary carbon market (VCM) to increase the long-term benefits for the Chinese iron and steel industry from emission reductions; (3) undertaking of strict energy auditing to help enterprises establish appropriate emission reduction targets and formulate reasonable plans; (4) promotion of emission reduction-oriented investment within the industry to obtain profits from project operation, while at the same time gaining extra compensation for emission reductions. More specifically, the design of each of these approaches should take into consideration the related economic factors and incentive mechanisms.     

基于GIS的台风灾害损失评估模型研究

由于台风灾害所造成的损失有些是无法用精确的数学模型来描述,其损失可能是一个区间值。为准确及时地了解台风灾害过程中可能造成灾害损失等级的大小,选择了降水量、降水强度、最大风速、经济易损性作为评价的指标。采用可拓分析方法,将评价指标及其特征值作为物元,通过计算综合关联度判断灾害损失的等级;建立基于GIS的台风灾害损失评估模型,以实现台风灾害的动态评估。     

我国固体废物分类体系构建的原则、方法与框架

健全的固体废物分类体系是固体废物管理工作得以有效开展的基础和前提,然而目前我国的分类体系构建进展较为缓慢.从我国固体废物分类现状和固体废物管理实际出发,借鉴国外关于固体废物分类的经验,提出了我国固体废物分类体系的构建原则、方法以及框架,以期为我国固体废物管理工作提供参考.