Data quality evaluation and calibration of on-road remote sensing systems based on exhaust plumes

In recent years, with rapid increases in the number of vehicles in China, the contribution of vehicle exhaust emissions to air pollution has become increasingly prominent. To achieve the precise control of emissions, on-road remote sensing (RS) technology has been developed and applied for law enforcement and supervision. However, data quality is still an existing issue affecting the development and application of RS. In this study, the RS data from a cross-road RS system used at a single site (from 2012 to 2015) were collected, the data screening process was reviewed, the issues with data quality were summarized, a new method of data screening and calibration was proposed, and the effectiveness of the improved data quality control methods was finally evaluated. The results showed that this method reduces the skewness and kurtosis of the data distribution by up to nearly 67%, which restores the actual characteristics of exhaust diffusion and is conducive to the identification of actual clean and high-emission vehicles. The annual variability of emission factors of nitric oxide decreases by 60% – on average – eliminating the annual drift of fleet emissions and improving data reliability.     

Towards Sustainable Urban Environmental Management in Jiangyin city,East China

Abstract

Dramatic economic and social changes have taken place in Jiangyin city due to rapid and uneven urbanization and industrialization. The environmental degradation has followed driven by these changes since the 1980's. With the pressures and effects of environmental deterioration, the city has implemented environmental management to hold back the trends of negative environmental changes. From the viewpoint of systems, DPSER is a good model for urban environmental changes to understand the causes, pressure, state, effect, existing responses and future action strategies. We took Jiangyin city, a developed city in South Jiangsu province, East China, as an example, and analyzed the characteristics of environmental changes and urban responses using DPSER model. Some operational strategies have been put forward to direct the city environmental management towards a sustainable road step by step.     

基于AERMOD线源模式的城市路网一次PM2.5排放扩散特征研究

机动车排放的一次细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))易在城市交通密集区域和高峰时段扩散积累,形成高浓度的排放热点区域,对人体健康影响显著.本研究基于本地化机动车路网排放清单,应用AERMOD扩散模型对北京市六环内区域进行线源扩散模拟,探讨城市路网一次PM_(2.5)扩散浓度的时空变化规律与排放特征、气象条件和临时控制措施的关系.研究表明,在典型工作日的排放水平下,冬季工作日的机动车源一次PM_(2.5)模拟浓度日均值为2.94μg·m-3,夏季工作日为1.95μg·m-3.两季24 h浓度变化均呈夜间浓度高于日间的特点,但两季峰值在气象条件和排放强度的双重作用下又有所区别.冬季早晚高峰峰值浓度分别为日均浓度的2.3和1.7倍,而夏季早晚高峰由于扩散条件相对较好并未明显形成一次PM_(2.5)峰值.研究还以APEC峰会为例,评估峰会期间临时交通管控措施的影响.结果发现,在相似的季节气象条件下,APEC峰会期间机动车源一次PM_(2.5)模拟浓度日均值较峰会前削减50.1%,凌晨5:00达到小时最大削减率66.6%.冬夏季工作日机动车源一次PM_(2.5)扩散浓度的空间分布呈偏态分布,65%的浓度集中在30%的网格面积上.以冬季工作日为例,高浓度热点区域主要集中在各环路快速路、易拥堵主干道及省道、国道和高速路上,以上道路应成为排放控制的重点对象.     

Aqueous oxytetracycline degradation and the toxicity change of degradation compounds in photoirradiation process

The extensive use of antibiotics has been a worldwide environmental issue.In this study the fate of oxytetracycline (OTC),under photoirradiation,was investigated.The results showed that OTC photolysis followed first order model kinetics.Direct photolysis rate was found to be dependent on the initial OTC concentration,with k value ranging from 0.0075 to 0.0141 min~(-1),in the OTC concentration from 40 to 10 mg/L.OTC photolysis was highly pH-dependent and strongly enhanced at a high pH value,with a k value...     

轻型柴油车排放特性与机动车比功率分布的实例研究

引入机动车比功率概念研究了驾驶条件(DrivingCondition)对机动车排放的影响及二者间的关系.利用美国Sensors公司生产的SEMTECH-D车载排放测试仪在上海选取2辆轻型柴油客货两用车开展了实际道路排放测试.测试道路包括城市快速道、主干道和次干道,2辆轻型车测试的道路全长分别为31·8和39·7km.通过计算逐秒的比功率值,研究了实际行驶中机动车比功率(VSP)与机动车油耗、空燃比和污染物排放的关系.回归分析结果表明,比功率比加速度能够更好地反映与NOx排放之间的关系,不同道路上机动车的CO、TC、NOx排放速率和油耗的比功率区间(VSPbin)分布具有较好的一致性.实测研究中VSPbin分布于-20~20kW·t-1的范围内,其中超过50%的数据分布在-3~1kW·t-1之间.高排放集中在分布频率较低的高VSP区间.应用污染物排放与VSP分布的关系式和VSPbins的频率分布可以估算机动车污染物排放总量.排放速率计算式具有一定的不确定性,还有待将来进一步修正.     

气体脱硫装置的优化运行

中石化洛阳分公司炼油厂二催化车间自开工以来重视清洁生产和环境保护，针对干气及液态烃脱硫装置进行多次技术改造，保证了产品质量和装置长周期运行，创造出良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

黄河兰州段水环境污染状况和成因分析

较详细的描述了兰州水污染现状,从工业废水和生活污水排放及黄河入河排放口排放历史和趋势进行了分析和预测,对近几年的兰州市区段污染物的主要成分、污染物来源、污染物的总量和污染物浓度,不同时期兰州市区段水质与不同断面水污染状况做了分析与对比。找出黄河兰州段水污染的主要污染物与污染源,并对造成黄河兰州段污染的原因做了归纳总结,指出黄河兰州段水污染问题需要通过合理利用水资源,控制污染物的随意排放,调整产业结构等手段来解决。     

基于车载诊断系统的轻型乘用车实际道路油耗特征分析

近年来的一系列研究表明,轻型车实际道路油耗与型式认证油耗间的差异在不断增大,之前的实际道路油耗研究大多基于用户上报数据或车载排放测试系统(PEMS).车载诊断系统(OBD)是一种监测发动机及排放控制系统实时工作状态的仪器.本研究通过OBD解码器采集瞬时发动机进气量计算机动车瞬态油耗并通过2辆轻型汽油车的实验室台架测试证明该方法具有很好的准确性(差异在±5%以内).本研究进一步在北京选取了7辆轻型汽油车,利用OBD解码器开展实际道路油耗测试,并研究运行工况及车辆载重对其实际道路油耗的影响.实际道路结果显示测试车辆在典型工况下的油耗比型式认证油耗高23.1%~46.4%,平均差异为29.2%.通过微观运行模态方法将实际道路油耗修正到法规测试循环(NEDC工况)的交通特征下,道路油耗仍然比型式认证油耗高18.7%±7.1%.研究表明,平均速度与实际道路油耗具有很强的相关性.实际道路油耗在30 km·h-1以下时会随速度降低而显著上升.此外,研究还发现如果车辆载重增加260 kg,实际道路油耗将上升6.2%±2.2%.     

论我国能源法律体系的低碳使命

能源法律体系不仅保障能源的有效供给，还承载着低碳和减排的使命，建构合理而可行的、具有低碳内涵的能源法律体系是低碳经济法律体系的重要组成部分，也是低碳法律体系的基础。在将要逐步完善的能源法体系中应基于我国能源结构及其现实禀赋认真全面落实低碳经济的主要制度，将低碳经济规律全面、具体地贯彻和体现在能源法体系中，采取可行的拳措和步骤逐步提升能源法律体系的低碳内涵。     

Evaluating the emission status of light-duty gasoline vehicles and motorcycles in Macao with real-world remote sensing measurement

Roadside remote sensing measurement was used to explore the real-world emission status of light duty gasoline vehicles （LDGVs） and motorcycles in Macao. Both fuel-based and distance-based emission factors were derived using the mass balance method. The emission concentration profile of LDGVs illustrated the benefits of tightening emission standards at the source country or region of import. The distance-based emission factors for CO, HC and NOx of LDGVs registered before 2000 were 8.00, 1.04 and 1.36 g/km, respectively. The distance-based emission factors for CO, HC and NOx of LDGVs registered in or after 2000 were 1.16, 0.15 and 0.18 g/km, respectively. The fuel-based CO emission factors of light duty motorcycles （LDMCs） and heavy duty motorcycles （HDMCs） registered before 2000 were about 10 times higher than those of LDGVs of the same age group. As the emissions of LDGVs decreased more quickly after 2000, the gap widens for newer vehicles. The distance-based HC emission factors of LDMCs and HDMCs registered before 2000 were 4.81 and 2.91 g/km, respectively. The distance-based HC emission factors of LDMCs and HDMCs registered in or after 2000 were 3.52 and 0.93 g/km, respectively. The poor emission performance of motorcycles and their larger share in the traffic flow will cause them to be the major contributor to traffic CO and HC emissions. LDMCs, especially two-stroke models, should be the priority for vehicle emission control efforts in Macao.