The thermal transformation mechanism of chlorinated paraffins: An experimental and density functional theory study

The increasing production and usage of chlorinated paraffins(CPs) correspondently increase the amount of CPs that experience thermal processes. Our previous study revealed that a significant amount of medium-chain chlorinated paraffins(MCCPs), short-chain chlorinated paraffins(SCCPs) as well as aromatic and chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(Cl-PAHs) were formed synergistically during the thermal decomposition of CP-52(a class of CP products).However, the transformation mechanisms of CP-52 to these compounds are still not very clear.This article presents a mechanistic analysis on the decomposition of CP-52 experimentally and theoretically. It was found that CP-52 initially undergoes dehydrochlorination and carbon chain cleavage and it transformed into chlorinated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Cyclization and aromatization were the most accessible pathways at low temperatures(200–400°C), both of which produce mostly aromatic hydrocarbons. As the temperature exceeds 400°C, the hydrocarbons could decompose into small molecules, and the subsequent radical-induced reactions become the predominant pathways, leading to the formation of Cl-PAHs. The decomposition of CP-52 was investigated by using density functional theory and calculations demonstrating the feasibility and rationality of PCB and PCN formation from chlorobenzene. The results improve the understanding of the transformation processes from CP-52 to SCCPs and Cl-PAHs as well as provide data for reducing their emissions during thermal-related processes.     

江苏省含铜蚀刻废液处置利用行业现状及管理对策研究

蚀刻废液是对环境有较大危害的危险废物,同时又具有较高的资源型价值。目前江苏省每年蚀刻废液产生量较大,典型的含铜蚀刻废液产生量达数十万t,是江苏省产生量较大的几种危险废物类型之一。在调查了江苏省蚀刻废液处置利用的主要工艺和行业现状的基础上,分析了蚀刻废液处置利用过程存在的综合利用能力总体过剩、入厂分析制度不严、污染防治水平不高、再生产品管理标准缺失、环境管理制度不完善等问题;探讨了含铜蚀刻废液的再生产品使用过程中存在的生态环境风险;研究了蚀刻废液再利用产品中有害物质的控制要求;初步总结了行业发展中技术水平和管理要求的不足;提出了行业发展存在的问题,为下一步制定江苏省蚀刻废液处置利用行业的技术规范提供技术支撑。     

光伏光电行业含氟废水及污泥利用处置研究现状及展望

我国光伏光电行业体量大,含氟废水经处理将产生大量的含氟污泥,其中氟化钙占40%以上,提纯后可替代天然的萤石矿,具有很高的市场挖掘潜力。经属性分析,含氟污泥具有腐蚀性、毒性及其他危险特性,且存在处置困难、利用率低的现状。因此拟采用废水回用、分质提纯的思路对水洗酸洗法进行优化,达到以废治废的目的,还可降低HF等的高成本投入;做到F ^-的富集,对新产生的含氯废水、含氟废水考虑以不外排的方式循环回用。提纯过程中通过控制HCl的投加量、pH、反应时间、温度、搅拌速率,综合考虑工业生产的可操作性和经济效益,使含氟污泥纯度达到制HF级的90%以上。     

应用氧化锌改性沸石的城市污水重金属离子去除技术研究

天然沸石具有离子交换能力,但其中含有很多杂质,离子结合性强弱不一,导致交换性能较低,可以通过化学改性来提升沸石的交换性能。对应用氧化锌改性沸石的城市污水重金属离子去除技术进行研究。测试过程中,使用自来水对沸石填料进行反向冲洗,废水经过水泵提升之后,分别进至3个交换柱中,流过沸石填料,流量通过水阀门进行控制,试验每隔0.5 h~1 h进行取样1次,并分别取进水与出水的水样,读取测压管,对水头损失进行计算。     

电子受体类型对聚磷污泥胞外聚合物的影响研究

采用3种电子受体(硝氮、亚硝氮、氧),在SBR反应器中分别驯化了具有稳定除磷能力的聚磷污泥。对比研究了不同聚磷污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的组分与含量,结合三维荧光光谱对EPS中有机物质进行分析。研究表明,以硝氮、亚硝氮为电子受体的聚磷污泥EPS平均浓度较为接近,分别为115.6mg/gVSS、133.5 mg/gVSS,由厌氧段至缺氧段,EPS总浓度有所下降。以氧为电子受体聚磷污泥的EPS平均浓度相对较高,为194.5 mg/gVSS,由厌氧段至好氧段,EPS总浓度略有升高。不同聚磷污泥的EPS组分均以胞外蛋白为主,占EPS总量的53%~65%,多糖与核酸占EPS总量28%~34%、5%~7%。三维荧光光谱显示3种聚磷污泥EPS均具有芳香结构蛋白质、可溶性代谢物的荧光峰,另外,以硝氮为电子受体的聚磷污泥还具有明显的腐殖酸类物质的荧光峰。研究结果表明电子受体对聚磷污泥EPS的组分、浓度、有机质类别有一定的影响。     

应用小型无人值守水站构建苏州市城区河道自动监测系统研究

苏州市城区河道自动监测系统实现了时城区河道环境整治水质变化的实时跟踪监测,系统采用小型、节能、低噪的智能子站、免试剂的监测方法和多重保障的安防措施,集监控评价发布为一体化,体现了绿色监测的理念,且与大型水站同样具有较强的野外适应能力和无人值守智能监测的特点.本文就系统的构架以及系统所具有的4个方面特点进行了阐述,并总结了在系统建设中的站点选址、对监测结果的有效利用、运行过程的质量控制及免试剂监测方法的适用性等几方面应用体会.     

Characterization of extracellular polymeric substances in the biofilms of typical bacteria by the sulfur K-edge XANES spectroscopy

A combined approach of physicochemical extraction and sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure（XANES） spectroscopy was applied to characterize the extracellular polymeric substances（EPS） of typical bacterial biofilms in this study. Physicochemical analysis showed variation of the contents of DNA,polysaccharide and protein in different fractions of EPS in different mediums. The sulfur K-edge XANES analysis yielded a variety of spectra.Spectral fitting of the XANES spectra utilizing a large set of model compounds showed that there was more reduced sulfur in both LB-EPS（loosely bound EPS） and TB-EPS（tightly bound EPS） of all the biofilms in LB medium than in R2 A medium. More oxidized sulfur was identified in LB-EPS than that in TB-EPS,suggesting different niches and physiological heterogeneity in the biofilms. Our results suggested that the sulfur K-edge XANES can be a useful tool to analyze the sulfur speciation in EPS of biofilms.     

分散式污水处理系统的特征及其应用

从传统的生活污水集中处理和分散式污水处理方法入手,介绍了分散式污水处理系统的概念、类型及特征,分析了分散式处理系统存在着脱氮除磷、技术性能及环境友好方面的不完善之处。提出了加强脱氮除磷研究,实现生态化、节能化、景观化、省地化是分散式污水处理系统发展的方向。     

Estimation and characterization of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs from Chinese iron foundries

The iron foundry industry is considered to be a potential source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). This study investigated the emission factors and total emission amounts of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) from iron foundries in China. The concentrations and the World Health Organization toxicity equivalents (WHO-TEQs) are presented and the congener profiles are discussed in this paper.In the present work, 26 fly ash samples were collected and tested to quantify the PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs generated by 14 plants of different scales, and five stack gas samples were collected from two (named as EFG and LFG) of those plants. The emission levels of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs indicated that hot-air cupolas had lower emissions than cold-air cupolas. When iron ore lump and sinter were used as raw material, the emission factors were about 250 ng TEQ t⁻¹ of product. However, if the raw material was scrap, the emission factors varied owing to the different contents of organic materials in the raw materials. It was found that the mean WHO-TEQ values of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were 144 and 34.2 pg Nm⁻³ in stack gas and 20.0 and 1.58 pg g⁻¹ in fly ash. In multiple tests, it was estimated that the mean emission factors of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were 365 and 10.9 ng WHO-TEQ t⁻¹ released to residue and 2719 and 555 ng TEQ t⁻¹ released to air. The total emission amounts of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs from Chinese iron foundries with cupola furnaces released to residue and air were 16.8 and 146 g WHO-TEQ in 2008, respectively.     

Study on coupling between mineral resources exploitation and the mining ecological environment in Shanxi Province

Environment, Development and Sustainability - Due to rapid socioeconomic development, seeking the coordination of resources exploitation and the ecological environment has become an objective...