Level and distribution of DDT in surface soils from Tianjin, China

One hundred and eighty eight surface soil samples were collected from the Tianjin area to study the contamination of DDT and its metabolites. Measurements were taken for p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD and o,p'-DDT for all samples. The results indicated that p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE were the predominant contaminant compounds in the surface soil samples, with mean concentrations of 27.5 and 18.8 ng g(-1) respectively. No significant differences in DDT concentrations were found between the soils from wastewater treated irrigated areas and other areas, suggesting that wastewater irrigation is not an important source of DDT in the area. However, the spatial distribution of soil DDTs levels in the area did correlate well with early direct application rates of pesticides. In addition, both pH level and organic carbon content are also known factors affecting the level of DDT and its metabolites. Although it was assumed that the use of these chemicals was banned in the early 1980s, the current concentration levels appear to be too high to be mere residuals after 20 years degradation.     

Genotoxicity of surface water samples from Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, Eastern China

Taihu Lake is the third largest freshwater lake in China. Taihu Basin is one of the most densely populated and urbanized areas in this country. This area provides 15% of the GDP. Meiliang Bay is located in the north part of the Lake. It provides the municipal water source for Wuxi City. Some parts of the lake have been found to be highly polluted due to eutrophication for over a decade. Surface water (0-0.5 m) samples were collected from the Meiliang Bay by the aid of Global Position System (GPS) for positioning. Water samples were concentrated 5000 times with XAD-2 resin columns. A reverse mutation test using histidine-dependent Salmonella typhimurium strains was employed to assay the genotoxicity of the samples. The results showed that the sample from position 6 had the highest genotoxicity either in the case of activating with eucaryotic S9 system or without S9. The genotoxic effect included, at least, two different molecular mechanisms: nucleotide point substitution on DNA molecules and reading frame shifting caused by nucleotide insertion or deletion. The genotoxicity of the water body in Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake should be kept in close monitoring.     

Interaction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals on soil enzyme

Actions and interactions of heavy metals (cadmium, zinc and plumbum) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [phenanthrene, fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene] on the soil urease and dehydrogenase activity were studied after 49 days exposure. The experimental approach was based on the uniform design which can cut the experiment time and improve the efficiency of experiments. Data treatment was essentially based on the multiple regression technique. The results showed that the action and interaction between heavy metals and PAHs were strongly dependent on the time of pollution. The dehydrogenase exhibits more sensitive to the combined pollution than urease. The negative interaction between Zn and Cd to hydrogenase activity and the combined stimulatory activity of Phenanthrene and Benzo(a)pyrene (or fluoranthene) to soil enzyme were observed. The interactions between Zn (Cd) and phenanthrene towards urease (dehydrogenase) were positive, and the interaction between Zn and benzo(a)pyrene to urease activity was negative. This study corresponds to exploratory phase in order to reveal interaction effects of heavy metals and PAHs on the soil enzyme and then to set up more in-depth analysis to increase progressively the understanding of the ecotoxicological mechanisms involved.     

粘土矿物修复重金属污染土壤

简要介绍了我国土壤重金属污染的现状与危害.通过粘土矿物在重金属污染土壤中净化功能的阐述,提出利用粘土矿物修复土壤重金属污染的观点.继而从天然和改性粘土矿物特性,叙述了粘土矿物修复土壤重金属污染的机制与应用进展及其影响因素.最后讨论了粘土矿物在修复土壤重金属污染过程中值得注意的几个问题,并展望了粘土矿物在该领域应用中的发展方向.     

碱减量-印染混合废水的预处理研究

针对碱度大、COD高、组成复杂的碱减量-印染混合废水,采用高碱度下直接混凝再酸析相结合的方法进行预处理,取得理想效果.试验结果表明,在高碱度条件下先加入镁盐及少量高分子絮凝剂,可去除大部分可溶性及不溶性污染物;再通过降低pH的酸析法,能有效去除废水中的色度、浊度,大大降低COD.在MgSO4用量为800～1 500 mg/L,阴离子聚丙烯酰胺用量为2 mg/L,酸析pH小于3.0时,色度去除率达97%,COD去除率达92%,浊度去除率近100%.     

活性污泥对硒化镉量子点暴露的胁迫响应机制

为揭示硒化镉(CdSe)量子点(quantum dots, QDs)在复杂环境体系中的生物毒性效应,本研究以活性污泥为研究对象,探讨了CdSe QDs(0.1~10 mg·L⁻¹)长期暴露对序批式活性污泥反应器运行效能、污泥性能以及微生物代谢作用的影响。结果表明,在实验质量浓度范围内,出水COD值和硝酸盐波动较大,而硝化作用影响较小,且低剂量CdSe QDs的存在加速了NH₄⁺-N的降解,1 mg·L⁻¹ CdSe QDs将平均氨氧化速率由2.2 mg·(L∙h)⁻¹提高到3.3 mg·(L∙h)⁻¹。尽管CdSe QDs会引起出水浊度略微增加,但污泥沉降性能始终维持稳定。CdSe QDs主要与污泥表面的C—O—C、C—O、C—C和磷酸基团结合,诱导胞外聚合物的酪氨酸类蛋白荧光淬灭。同时,微生物会通过分泌色氨酸类蛋白以缓解胁迫影响。此外,活性污泥的物种丰富度和多样性均受CdSe QDs的抑制,但低质量浓度CdSe QDs有利于Nitrospirae相对丰度的增加。PICRUSt2预测显示,微生物的新陈代谢和遗传信息处理相关的代谢通路均受到CdSe QDs的显著抑制,膜传输和信号传导的代谢通路丰度最终分别下降至32 552和7 876,导致反应器出水COD值随暴露剂量的增加而逐渐增大。因此,CdSe QDs通过改变微生物群落结构和功能影响活性污泥有机物的去除效果,但对硝化反应及污泥絮凝和沉淀性能并未表现出明显负面效果。     

家居环境PM2.5控制用空气滤料

针对目前家居环境净化PM2.5的要求,在现有空气过滤材料的基础上,探讨一种适合于家居环境移动式空气净化装置用低阻、高效和长寿命的过滤材料。采用实验研究的方法对常用玻纤滤纸以及驻极体空气过滤材料进行了过滤特性、电镜、孔径测试的对比实验研究。结果表明,当过滤风速为5 cm/s时,3种驻极体滤料对粒径≤4.5 μm的颗粒物的分级过滤效率要高于玻纤滤纸且都在90%以上,其过滤阻力在4.9~6.4 Pa之间,而高效滤纸的过滤阻力在57.8~78.6 Pa之间;在实验风速条件下,驻极体滤料对PM2.5的过滤效率和过滤阻力分别高于和低于高效玻纤滤纸;对驻极体滤料进行蒸馏水洗涤后,其对颗粒物的过滤效率下降,驻极体滤料静电效应具有不稳定特性;电镜测试发现,玻纤滤纸纤维层排布致密,纤维存在断裂现象,而驻极体滤料较为蓬松,无纤维断裂现象;孔径实验表明,驻极体滤料的平均孔径为玻纤滤纸的11.9~14.7倍,驻极体滤料具有良好的透气和容尘特性。     

电解铝用滤袋缝合工艺对PM2.5过滤效率的影响

针对常用涤纶滤料,分别采用不同道数的缝纫线缝合和在缝纫接口处的针孔上涂胶等不同的缝合工艺,实验测试并对比了涤纶滤料在不同的缝合工艺下的静态过滤效率,并讨论了滤袋缝合工艺对PM2.5过滤效率的影响。结果表明,清洁滤料在环境气溶胶中,缝纫线缝制道数越多,过滤效率就越低,每增加一道缝纫线过滤效率就降低1%~6%左右;采用胶合工艺将滤袋缝合处的针孔涂胶覆盖,对于粒径大于1 μm以上的颗粒物的过滤效率有明显提高,最大提高值达7%;温度对胶合后的缝纫接口影响较小,过滤风速对过滤效率和过滤阻力影响较大。     

磷酸铵镁结晶技术处理模拟氨氮废水

从工程应用角度出发,考察了不同氨氮起始浓度、反应温度、搅拌速率及搅拌时间对磷酸铵镁化学结晶技术沉氨效果的影响。研究结果表明,当氨氮起始浓度超过200 mg/L时,氨氮去除率达到90%以上。不同温度条件下,氨氮去除率超过80%。随着温度升高,氨氮去除率明显上升,最高可达90%以上。搅拌是晶粒生长的一个重要影响因素;搅拌速率对晶粒生长作用复杂,当搅拌速率低于150 r/min时,加速了晶粒生长,达2.25 nm;提高搅拌速率,晶粒大小降至1.54 nm。而搅拌时间对晶粒生长起着非常明显的促进作用;随着搅拌时间的延长,晶粒出现明显的增长,从5 min的0.47 nm长至120 min的1.71 nm。     

粉煤灰复合氧化钙去除铬渣渗滤液中的总铬

粉煤灰虽然具有较大的比表面积,但单独做为处理剂处理含铬废水,效果并不理想,具有吸附容量小、溶解损失大、且有毒性浸出等特点.为了解决粉煤灰以上缺陷,提出氧化钙复合粉煤灰去除铬渣渗滤液中总铬的技术,研究表明,在室温25℃条件下,总铬初始浓度在0.30~80.00 mg/L范围内,选择粉煤灰与CaO配比为1:1时,以150 r/min转速充分振荡24 h,总铬去除率均能达到90%以上.通过空白对照实验研究表明,粉煤灰复合CaO使用,对总铬的去除远优于单独使用粉煤灰或CaO做为吸附剂的处理效果.利用SEM,XRD,红外光谱分析3种材料表征方法,对粉煤灰原料、CaO-粉煤灰处理后残渣等进行分析,结果表明,在水介质条件下,粉煤灰与CaO能生成晶体矿物.当溶液中有铬存在时,晶体矿物在形成的过程中能将铬裹入其结构中.通过浸出实验表明,此晶体矿物对铬具有很好的固定作用.