贵州省土壤温度状况估算

土壤温度是土壤重要的内在属性,亦是反映区域环境特征和土壤系统分类体系中的重要基础性指标。但在贵州省境内,由于缺乏数据观测体系,目前还缺乏完整的土壤温度报道和估算方法。介于此,本文收集了贵州省境内84个气象站多年的地面气候资料数据,通过拟合土壤温度与年平均气温、纬度、经度和海拔高度之间的关系,构建了相应的土壤温度估算模型,并与其他三种地区性土温测算方法进行比对,得到了相对一致的分析结果。模型估算的区域土壤温度结果显示,贵州省各地区土壤温度以"热性土壤"为主(15℃≤Y22℃),少数地区如:毕节的大方、威宁和六盘水的水城三个地方为"温性土壤"(8℃≤Y15℃)。     

规模化畜禽养殖业零排放模式探究

针对中国畜禽养殖业污染日益严重的现状,在分析现阶段中国规模化畜禽养殖业污染治理现状的基础上,提出运用循环经济的理论,因地制宜的采取污染物减排措施.分别从废水、粪便资源化利用以及病死猪的无害化处理三个角度分析了规模化畜禽养殖业的零排放模式,加快推进了生态环境治理体系和治理能力的现代化,从而实现资源整合,提高畜禽养殖废弃物处理设备的利用效率,将污染物变成可再生的资源,为规模化畜禽养殖业污染物处理实现零排放及循环利用提供参考.     

关于绿色建筑体系与低碳经济的探讨

针对绿色建筑体系与低碳经济的探讨问题,介绍了什么是绿色建筑,提出了绿色建筑是中国低碳经济建设的必然要求,探讨了绿色建筑的发展,主要包括:国外某些国家绿色建筑的发展和中国绿色建筑的发展,提出了绿色建筑的认识误区,主要包括绿色并不等于高价格和高成本、绿色建筑不仅局限于新建建筑和建筑节能不只是政府的职责,总结出中国绿色建筑的推广与运用,主要是研究和推广符合中国国情的绿色建筑、大力推广“绿色建筑”的标识和中国绿色建筑推广的实例.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属浸出影响研究

通过浸出液pH测定、全量测定以及(HJ/T 299-2007)硫酸硝酸法和(HJ/T 300-2007)醋酸缓冲溶液法浸提,对生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属浸出特性进行了实验研究.结果表明浸出pH条件、飞灰中重金属含量以及重金属分布形态是影响浸出浓度的主要因素.相比于硫酸硝酸法,醋酸缓冲溶液法重金属提取效率明显较高,尤其是铜锌镉铬.垃圾焚烧飞灰潜在环境风险较大,在填埋处理及综合利用时应充分考虑其浸出特性.     

基于模糊FMEA法的乏燃料剪切机剪切装置风险评估

为了有效控制乏燃料后处理立式送料剪切机剪切装置在运行过程中的风险,采用基于模糊理论的故障模式及影响分析(FMEA)对剪切装置的故障模式进行风险评价。首先将风险优先指数(RPN)的3个评价指标视为模糊变量并模糊化,接着采用专家打分的方式对各故障模式进行模糊评价,采用重心法解模糊化,计算得出各故障模式的模糊风险优先指数(FRPN),从而确定机械设备中各故障模式的风险控制顺序。利用模糊FMEA法对乏燃料立式送料剪切机剪切装置的故障模式进行了风险评估,结果表明,吊篮焊接件裂纹、主刀体破损、刀具退刀固定档板变形为风险较大的故障模式,分析结果与工程实际较吻合。     

中国风机制造技术转移模式与技术进步效果评价

根据技术转移过程中技术受方的性质,将中国风机制造技术转移分为"外商独资企业"、"中外合资企业"和"中资企业"三种模式.通过技术转移的层次、技术先进程度、技术转移的规模、技术转移的速度,对三种模式下技术转移的效果进行了评价.研究发现,通过技术转移,中国风机制造技术有了迅速的发展,但落后于国际先进水平的情况仍没有改变.中资企业的技术转移模式在转移技术的层次、技术转移规模和技术转移速度上,都要优于外商独资企业和中外合资企业模式,对中国风机制造技术进步的作用更大.在此基础上,本文提出,在中资企业模式下,在引进技术的同时,积极消化吸收,并重视与外国企业开展联合研发,才能最终获得创新能力.这也应当成为中国政府激励政策作用的重点.     

Accelerated photo-transformation of 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) in water by dissolved organic matter

The ubiquitous dissolved organic matter (DOM) has an important influence on transformation of organic contaminants through the production of reactive substances, such as ^?OH, ¹O₂, and ³DOM*. The photolysis of a higher chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, PCB 153) under simulated sunlight in presence of humic acid (HA) was investigated. Degradation of PCB 153 was accelerated significantly by the addition of HA, with a rate constant of 0.0214, 0.0413, and 0.0358 h^?1 in the initial 18 h of irradiation in presence of 1, 5, and 20 mg/L HA, respectively. The main photodegradation products analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry were 4-hydroxy-2,2′,4′,5,5′-pentaCB and 2,4,5-trichlorobenzoic acid. Main reactive species involved were determined by the electron spin-resonance spectroscopy, including ¹O₂ and ^?OH. Special scavengers were added to elucidate the photolysis mechanisms. By using the specific scavengers, it turned out that ^?OH accounted for 29.3 % of the degradation, and the intra-DOM reactive species (¹O₂, ^?OH, and ³DOM*) accounted for 59.6 % of the degradation. Photo-transformation sensitized by DOM, which involves both aqueous and intra-DOM reactions of PCBs with reactive species, may be one of the most important mechanisms for natural attenuation of PCBs.     

Canopy leaching of nutrients and metals in a mountain spruce forest

Precipitation and throughfall fluxes of major ions, nutrients (C, N, P), and metals (Al, Fe, Mn), and the chemical composition of litter fall and living plant tissue in Norway spruce stands (the Bohemian Forest; Czech Republic), were used to evaluate how microbial processes and decay of plant tissue in canopies influence canopy leaching (CL) of elements. Proton exchange for Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, and K⁺ in decaying biomass and co-transport of Ca²⁺ and K⁺ out of plant cells with organic acid anions were the most likely processes contributing to CL of base cations. The CL of total P and N (and also NO₃^?) was minor. Important proportions of the N and P mineral forms were transformed to organic forms by microbial processes (primary and bacterial production), with the respective CL of ?13.9 and 16.4 mmol m^?2 yr^?1 for NH₄⁺ and organic N, and ?0.33 and 0.22 mmol m^?2 yr^?1 for dissolved reactive P (DRP) and organic P. Most of particulate P and N in throughfall (～90%) originated from microbial DRP and NH₄⁺ transformations, but particulate C mostly came from the fragmentation of plant tissue (58%). Among metals, CL was not observed for Al, was small for Fe (0.3 mmol m^?2 yr^?1), and greatest for Mn (0.9 mmol m^?2 yr^?1) due to leaching from decaying tissue by acidic precipitation.     

Determination of S02 Emission from Oil Combustion Sources by Fuel Analyses and S02/C02 Relations

The current S0₂ emission test methods, based on wet chemistry, are time consuming and costly. Final results depend on at least 10 separate measurements of quantities which may introduce significant errors due to human factors especially under unfavorable field environment. Performance evaluation of several promising S0₂ instrumental methods indicated that results were reliable and reproducible, but instrumental problems still exist. The problems were found to be calibration, mechanical and electronic components, and sample conditioning system. An alternative method proposed requires only two separate analyses: ultimate fuel analysis and stack gas analysis for C0₂. This method can be further simplified with reasonable accuracy by a single measurement of sulfur in the fuel if results are corrected to 12% C0₂. The method can be a useful addition to the current methods, especially if cost and manpower preclude actual stack tests. A test program was conducted at four industrial and utility power plants. Results are presented with discussion to show the application and validity of the simplified method.     

预应力锚索-地梁结构在岩体中传力规律研究

在建立受非均布线形荷载作用的地基力学模型的基础上,应用叠加原理推导出地基表面在非均布的线形荷载作用下,预应力锚索-地梁结构中垂直于梁轴线平面内的地基中深处的应力和位移计算公式,为研究预应力锚索-地梁结构在岩体中的传力规律提供了理论基础.以湖南省常张高速公路K123+160～K123+369边坡为试验区域,通过理论分析得出,在对锚索施加预应力后,锚索预应力通过地梁传递给被加固的岩土体,其传递方式在垂直于地梁轴线的平面内是以梁轴线与该平面的交点为端点的近似椭圆的等值面形式由内向外呈逐渐衰减趋势分布的.现场试验得出,两地梁周边岩体中的压应变随深度增加由小到大增至峰值,然后逐渐衰减为0,这种分布形式与理论结论一致.