城市污泥桨叶式干化优化实验研究

桨叶式干化是一种高效的污泥干化处理技术,为了降低污泥含水率达到污泥减量减容效果,同时为后期的工程化应用提供依据和参考,实验采用倾斜盘式桨叶干燥机,以北京市污水处理厂污泥为研究对象,研究了不同滞留时间、污泥供给量、干燥机换热面积等因素对桨叶式干化处理后蒸发速度和污泥含水率的影响,并从处理效率以及与工程化应用数据对比分析等多方面考核,确定最佳工艺运行条件：使用0．5—0．8MPa的蒸气,蒸发速率达到14～21．8kg／（m^2·h）时,干化处理后污泥含水率〈40％。     

Aquatic plant debris improve phosphorus sorption into sediment under anoxic condition

The effects of plant debris on phosphorus sorption by anoxic sediment were investigated. Addition of plant debris significantly enhanced the decrease of soluble relative phosphorus (SRP) in overlying water at both 10 and 30 °C during the 30-day investigation. Both cellulose and glucose, two typical plant components, also clearly enhanced the SRP decrease in anoxic overlying water. The measurement of phosphorus (P) fractions in sediment revealed that the levels of unstable P forms were decreased by plant debris addition, whereas the opposites were true for stable P forms. However, under sterilized condition, plant debris/glucose addition has no effect on the SRP decrease in overlying water. Overall, our results suggested that plant debris improve P sorption into sediment under anoxic condition through a microorganism-mediated mechanism.     

鸟粪石循环利用处理高氨氮废水的热解行为

为了循环利用鸟粪石处理高氨氮废水,探讨了鸟粪石煅烧与加碱热解的脱氮率,利用电镜扫描(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)对2种热解产物进行了分析。鸟粪石煅烧条件为:温度100～225℃,时间1～5 h;加碱热解条件为:温度60～95℃,时间0.5～4 h,加碱量OH-∶NH4+摩尔比值0.4～1.5。结果表明,虽然XRD分析显示2种热解产物都已失去鸟粪石的特征峰,但是鸟粪石加碱热解效果更好,最佳热解条件为:加碱量OH-∶NH4+摩尔比值1,温度90℃,时间2 h,鸟粪石脱氮率95%以上;加碱热解产物表面为多孔状,完全失去了晶体结构;煅烧热解鸟粪石脱氮率仅为80%左右,热解产物晶体结构破坏不完全。鸟粪石在最佳条件下热解循环处理高氨氮废水,可循环使用6次,氨氮去除率80%以上,出水磷浓度小于8 mg/L。     

改性油页岩灰渣对水中DNBP吸附去除效果

采用PDMDAAC改性方法对油页岩灰渣进行改性,确定最佳改性方案,并研究了环境因素对改性油页岩灰渣吸附DNBP的影响。实验研究结果表明,油页岩灰渣经20 g/L 的PDMDAAC处理时,对DNBP的吸附能力最强。在吸附温度为30℃,初始溶液pH值为4的条件下,0.3 g 的改性油页岩灰渣对30.0 mg/L DNBP溶液50 mL,吸附120 min时,其吸附率达到94.48%以上。在实验条件下,改性油页岩灰渣对DNBP的吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程,相关系数分别为0.9985和0.9776,其对DNBP的理论饱和吸附量达到6.196 mg/g。改性油页岩灰渣对DNBP的吸附主要归因于离子交换和表面吸附作用。     

CS-Fe和CS-Fe/Ni的制备及其用于去除钴离子

以氯化铁为铁源,硼氢化钠为还原剂,壳聚糖为稳定剂,采用液相还原法制备壳聚糖稳定纳米铁（CS-Fe）;并以氯化铁为铁源,硫酸镍为镍源,硼氢化钠为还原剂,壳聚糖为稳定剂,采用液相还原共沉淀法制备壳聚糖稳定纳米铁镍（CS-Fe/Ni）。通过SEM、EDS、XRD、FT-IR等表征手段,对所制备的CS-Fe和CS-Fe/Ni的形貌及微观结构进行表征,并以Co²⁺为目标去除物评价CS-Fe和CS-Fe/Ni的反应活性。初步研究表明,制成的CS-Fe含有单质纳米铁,颗粒多数以30~90 nm球形颗粒为主;而CS-Fe/Ni材料中含有纳米铁镍,颗粒多数以30~60 nm球形颗粒为主;在相同的实验条件下,反应60 min,CS-Fe/Ni对Co²⁺的去除率高达100%,但是CS-Fe仅为88%,即CS-Fe/Ni对Co²⁺的去除率比CS-Fe高。     

电解锰渣的综合利用进展与研究展望

电解锰渣是电解金属锰时产生的酸性滤渣,含有大量有害物质。随着电解锰行业的快速发展,大量堆放填埋的电解锰渣引发了严重的水土、生态环境污染问题,对锰渣的无害化处理与资源化利用已成为电解锰行业和环保领域的研究热点。在电解锰渣特性的分析基础上,对国内外电解锰渣的综合利用进展(如锰离子回收、肥料制作和建筑材料应用)进行了回顾,分析了锰渣各种资源化利用方法的优缺点。最后,展望了电解锰渣的研究与应用前景,旨在为锰矿资源的可持续性开发与电解锰渣的综合回收利用提供参考。     

餐厨垃圾和绿化废弃物混合堆肥的试用

以餐厨垃圾和绿化废弃物堆肥作为种植基质,研究了其不同堆肥比例对黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)生长的影响。结果表明,将不同基质组分别施用后,黑麦草各项生长指标(植株高度、盖度、地上和地下生物量(干重))均良好,其中2#基质(80%土壤+20%堆肥)施用效果优于1#(90%土壤+10%堆肥)和3#(70%土壤+30%堆肥)基质。对比不同堆肥对黑麦草生长的影响发现,(80%+20%)堆肥6处理的黑麦草地上和地下生物量最大,分别约为40 g和28 g,第三茬草地上生物量(干重)与对照组相比增幅为164.3%,盖度达到了98%。本研究确定了堆肥和土壤的最佳配比以及最佳堆肥类型,不但可以解决其资源化再利用的问题,而且植物生长良好,表明该技术在城市绿化中具有一定的应用前景。     

核桃果皮炭粉对3种重金属离子吸附的影响

采用均匀设计的实验方法,研究了2种核桃果皮炭粉(提取水溶性混合物和未提取水溶性混合物的核桃皮炭粉)对Cr、Cu和Cd等重金属离子的吸附最优条件以及对3种离子吸附的影响因素。结果表明,核桃皮炭粉对Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd2+和Cu2+的吸附最优条件为:pH=4,温度为60℃,浓度为150μg/mL,吸附剂用量为2.4 g,时间为120 min;pH=4.5,温度为30℃,浓度为180μg/mL,吸附剂用量为5.4 g,时间为60 min;pH=5,温度为80℃,浓度为210μg/mL,吸附剂用量为0.4 g,时间为100 min;pH和Cr(Ⅵ)浓度增大,不利于2种吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附;pH和温度增大,不利于2种吸附剂对Cu2+的吸附;温度和吸附剂用量增加,有利于2种吸附剂对Cd2+的吸附。未提取水溶性混合物比提取水溶性混合物的核桃果皮炭粉对3种金属的吸附显著。2种吸附剂的吸附率均表现为Cr>Cd>Cu。     

零价铁与甲醇支持的生物-化学法去除富氧水中的硝酸盐氮

针对富氧水中硝酸盐氮(NO-3-N),采用零价铁(ZVI)和甲醇支持的生物-化学联合法开展了批实验研究,探讨了ZVI类型、CH3OH∶N比、初始溶解氧(DO)浓度、初始NO-3-N浓度和水温等5个因素对联合法除氧脱氮效果的影响。结果表明,ZVI的除氧能力由高至低依次为:ZVI-C(0.124 d)>ZVI-A(0.141 d)>ZVI-B(0.179 d)。ZVI支持的联合法NO-3-N去除率由高至低依次为:ZVI-A(99.6%)>ZVI-C(95.3%)>ZVI-B(92.2%)。CH3OH∶N≤3.5∶1时,联合法去除<52.0%的NO-3-N;CH3OH∶N=10∶1时,去除100%的NO-3-N;CH3OH∶N=200∶1时,去除70.2%的NO-3-N。当初始DO浓度介于3.6~5.3 mg/L之间时,联合法的NO-3-N去除率介于98.8%~99.6%之间。在任意时刻,低底物浓度(5.2 mg/L)时的NO-3-N去除率低于高浓度(21.1 mg/L)时的去除率;低底物浓度下完全脱氮所需时间比高浓度下长2 d。15.0℃时联合法需要7 d可以达到完全脱氮,然而在27.5℃时则需要5 d。低温时亚硝酸盐氮浓度最大值(4.4 mg/L)显著高于高温时的最大值(1.1 mg/L)。ZVI类型、CH3OH∶N、初始NO-3-N浓度和水温显著影响联合法的脱氮效果,而初始DO浓度对联合法的影响不大。     

Study on preparation method of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zanthoxylum bungeanum</Emphasis> seeds kernel oil with zero trans-fatty acids

The seed of Zanthoxylum bungeanum (Z. bungeanum) is a by-product of pepper production and rich in unsaturated fatty acid, cellulose, and protein. The seed oil obtained from traditional producing process by squeezing or extracting would be bad quality and could not be used as edible oil. In this paper, a new preparation method of Z. bungeanum seed kernel oil (ZSKO) was developed by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of alkali saponification-cold squeezing, alkali saponification-solvent extraction, and alkali saponification-supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide (SFE-CO₂). The results showed that the alkali saponification-cold squeezing could be the optimal preparation method of ZSKO, which contained the following steps: Z. bungeanum seed was pretreated by alkali saponification under the conditions of adding 10 %NaOH (w/w), solution temperature was 80 °C, and saponification reaction time was 45 min, and pretreated seed was separated by filtering, water washing, and overnight drying at 50 °C, then repeated squeezing was taken until no oil generated at 60 °C with 15 % moisture content, and ZSKO was attained finally using centrifuge. The produced ZSKO contained more than 90 % unsaturated fatty acids and no trans-fatty acids and be testified as a good edible oil with low-value level of acid and peroxide. It was demonstrated that the alkali saponification-cold squeezing process could be scaled up and applied to industrialized production of ZSKO.