ABR发酵系统运行特性及产氢效能研究

为解决连续流搅拌槽式反应器(CSTR)发酵制氢系统存在的不足,如单位基质氢气转化率低、因搅拌带来的耗能,抗负荷冲击能力不强等问题,开展了厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)发酵产氢的研究.结果表明,在35℃和进水COD 5000mg/L等条件下,ABR系统可在26d达到乙醇型发酵,其比产氢速率为0.13L/(gMLVSS·d),而在同样条件下, CSTR达到乙醇型发酵后,比产氢速率仅为0.06L/(gMLVSS·d).ABR通过生物相的分离,使产氢系统梯级利用有机物并达到深度产氢的目的.与CSTR相比,ABR具有较高的产氢活性、较低能源消耗等优点,是一种较为理想的有机废水发酵制氢反应设备.     

城市固体废物的焚烧实验

 稳定均匀的燃烧温度是确保减少垃圾焚烧系统大气污染物排放量的一个重要因素.采用内旋流流化床(ICFB)进行了城市生活垃圾焚烧实验,探讨了不同的布风速度、垃圾焚烧量、流化床浓相区高度和不同种类垃圾对焚烧稳定性的影响,并给出了流化床内部温度和CO、NO_X、SO₂等大气污染物的浓度变化.内旋流流化床采用非均匀布风,低速风的移动区尚未流化时,浓相区温度存在一定的不均匀性,低速风区流速超过2倍初始流化速度后,浓相区温度是均匀一致的;流化床的床料具有较好的蓄热能力,较厚的床层有利于提高燃烧的稳定性,可减少垃圾给料和垃圾热值的波动对燃烧温度造成的不利影响;垃圾的焚烧效果与垃圾的热值有直接关系,焚烧低热值垃圾时,为了提高焚烧温度并达到较好的排放指标,需要增加一定量辅助燃料进行助燃;内旋流流化床在燃烧稳定性以及燃烧温度控制上具有一定优势.     

变压器油池火燃烧规律的实验研究*

为对变压器油池火灾进行准确有效的灭火,研究不同尺寸和不同厚度下变压器油的火灾动力学特征和基本燃烧特性,具体分析变压器油的燃烧过程和变压器油燃烧速率、火焰温度以及辐射热流随油池直径以及厚度的变化规律。结果表明:整个油品的燃烧过程分为预热燃烧阶段、稳定燃烧阶段和火焰熄灭阶段。对于厚度大于10 mm的油池燃烧,稳定阶段的燃烧速率与油层厚度无关,稳定阶段的燃烧速率随着油池直径的增加而增加。同时,变压器油火灾连续火焰区温度接近750 ℃。对于稳定燃烧阶段下的变压器油燃烧,基于辐射通量可得出在燃烧过程中,辐射热量占总燃烧热的占比约为1/3。研究结果可丰富变压器油燃烧的基础数据,为变压器火灾的灭火提供参考。     

基于灰色模型和神经网络的铝合金腐蚀预测对比

采用NaCl溶液对铝合金试验件进行预腐蚀试验,产生腐蚀坑,获取了不同腐蚀时间下的腐蚀数据,然后进行疲劳加载试验。分别利用灰色模型和BP神经网络建立了腐蚀深度及疲劳寿命与腐蚀时间相关性的预测模型,对两种预测模型的精度进行了对比。研究发现,在缺乏足够统计数据的情况下灰色模型预测精度优于神经网络算法。     

环境空气质量自动监测站的管理与维护

随着工业化、城镇化的深入推进,二氧化硫、氮氧化物、烟粉尘和挥发性有机物等各类污染物排放到环境中,致使中国大气受到严重污染,给人体的健康、动植物的生长、发育和繁殖等带来负面的影响。为实时监测环境空气质量,建立环境空气质量自动监测站逐渐成为大气污染防治的主要手段。文中以环境空气质量自动监测站为研究对象,提出环境空气质量自动监测站管理与维护面临的问题,探讨相应的解决措施,以期为环境空气质量自动监测站的管理与维护提供参考依据。     

Biofiltration treatment of odors from municipal solid waste treatment plants

An in situ compost biofilter was established for the treatment of odors from biostabilization processing of municipal solid waste. The concentrations of total volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in odors and their components were measured. Biofilter media was characterized in terms of total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), organic matter (OM), pH value and determination of bacterial colony structure. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis showed that the main components of the produced gas were benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) along with other alkanes, alkenes, terpenes, and sulphur compounds. The compost biofilter had remarkable removal ability for alkylated benzenes (>80%), but poor removal for terpenes (～30%). Total VOC concentrations in odors during the biostabilization process period ranged from 0.7 to 87 ppmv, and the VOC removal efficiency of the biofilter varied from 20% to 95%. After about 140 days operation, TN, TC, TP and OM in compost were kept almost stable, but the dissolved N, NH₄–N and NO₃–N experienced an increase of 44.5%, 56.2% and 76.3%, respectively. Dissolved P decreased by 27.3%. The pH value experienced an increase in the early period and finally varied from 7.38 to 8.08. Results of bacterial colony in packing material indicated that bacteria and mold colony counts increased, but yeasts and actinomyces decreased along with biofilter operation, which were respectively, 3.7, 3.4, 0.04 and 0.07 times of their initial values.     

Improvement of rape (Brassica napus) plant growth and cadmium uptake by cadmium-resistant bacteria

This study focuses on the screening of cadmium-resistance bacterial strains from heavy metal-polluted soils to examine their plant growth promotion and cadmium uptake in rape (Brassica napus). A large number of bacteria were isolated from heavy metal-polluted soil in Nanjing, China. Thirty isolates showing cadmium-resistance on Cd-amended medium were selected and evaluated for their potential to solubilize cadmium carbonate in solution culture. Atomic absorption spectrometer analysis showed variable amounts of water-soluble Cd (ranging from 24 to 117 mg l(-1)) released by the cadmium-resistant bacterial strains from cadmium carbonate. Qualitative analysis confirmed the presence of indole acetic acid as the auxin in the culture of these cadmium-resistant bacterial strains. Root elongation assay conducted on rape under gnotobiotic conditions demonstrated increases (up to 31%) in root elongation of inoculated rape seedlings compared to the control plants. Based upon cadmium-resistance, bio-activation of CdCO3 and growth-promoting activity, three isolates were selected for promoting plant growth and uptake of cadmium from cadmium-amended soil in pot experiments. Inoculation with the isolates was found to increase root dry weight (ranging from 8% to 20%) and shoot dry weight (ranging from 6% to 25%) of rape. An increase in cadmium content varying from 16 to 74%, compared to the non-inoculated control, was observed in rape plants cultivated in soil treated with 100 mgCd kg(-1) (as CdCl2) and inoculated with the isolates. The bacterial isolates were also able to colonize and develop in the rhizosphere soil of rape after root inoculation.     

苏北地区农业环境问题及管理方案的探讨

配合江苏省“碧海计划”和盐城市海洋经济绿色农业的发展，探讨了现阶段农业环境污染控制的直接政策管理、经济手段和人工生态工程处理三种方案，其中政策管理，如减少化肥农药的施用规定能减少污染，直接经济投入少，但是执行管理成本高，且政策见效慢；经济手段能减少污染，但环境目标达标不确定，且需要完善的市场环境，目前来说，本地区市场机制不完善，会出现“市场失灵”现象；人工湿地生态工程，前期投入大，但管理成本低，环境目标确定，但不能快速削减污染负荷。三种方案各有所长，在实际操作中，应针对不同区域的农业产业状况、方案时间迟度组合使用。     

三峡水库135 m蓄水前后水体重金属环境健康风险评价

三峡水库135 m蓄水后,水体中各重金属的单因子污染指数和Nemerow综合污染指数均有不同程度的增大,特别是Pb污染应该引起重视.健康风险评价结果表明,成库前后非致癌有毒化学物质(Hg、Pb和Cu)所引起的健康危害的个人年风险为Pb＞Cu＞Hg,致癌物质对人体健康危害的个人年风险均大于非致癌物.各类污染物所致个人平均健康危害成库前后均低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的标准,为可接受水平.     

同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮技术研究

讨论了影响同步硝化反硝化反应的各参数，并进行了单因素实验与正交实验，获得了同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺运行的最佳条件：DO浓度控制在0．5～2mg／L，COD浓度为600～800mg／L，混合液悬浮固体（MLSS）为5000mg/L，pH值在8．0左右，反应时间为6h。在此条件下，氨氮及COD的去除率都较高，分别达85％和95％，总氮去除率为68．5％。