农用化学品对农产品的污染及其对策

由于农业大量使用化学品 ,使农产品的农药残留量及其衍生物增加 ,从而对人体健康造成具大的危害性。本文的主要目的就是让人们进一步认识在农产品生产中使用农用化学品的危害 ,倡导我国农业走绿色农产品生产的道路     

Saltcedar control and water salvage on the Pecos river, Texas, 1999-2003

A large scale ecosystem restoration program was initiated in 1997 on the Pecos River in Western Texas. Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.), a non-native invasive tree, had created a near monoculture along the banks of the river by replacing most native vegetation. Local irrigation districts, private landowners, federal and state agencies, and private industry worked together to formulate and implement a restoration plan, with a goal of reducing the effects of saltcedar and restoring the native ecosystem of the river. An initial management phase utilizing state-of-the-art aerial application of herbicide began in 1999 and continued through 2003. Initial mortality of saltcedar averaged about 85-90%. Monitoring efforts were initiated at the onset of the project to include evaluating the effects of saltcedar control on salinity of the river water, efficiency of water delivery down the river as an irrigation water source, and estimates of water salvage. To date, no effect on salinity can be measured and irrigation delivery was suspended in 2002-2003 due to drought conditions. Water salvage estimates show a significant reduction in system water loss after saltcedar treatment. However, a flow increase in the river is not yet evident. Monitoring efforts will continue in subsequent years.     

污水深度处理系统在油田污水处理中的应用分析

乐安油田是通过蒸汽吞吐减轻原油粘度进行开采的稠油油田。针对其特点,借鉴美国、加拿大污水回用的成功经验和先进技术,建成投产了国内第一座也是最大的一座油井采出水回用于湿蒸汽发生器的大型泵站 ── 乐安污水深度处理站。文章详细介绍了污水深度处理系统以及运行2年来所取得的成果,证明油田采出水深度处理后回用于湿蒸汽发生器技术是完全可行并易于操作的。     

2002年11月-2003年2月国内安全事故数据

统计了2002年11—2003年2月国内发生的各种安全事故1050起，包括矿业事故、交通事故、爆炸事故、毒物泄露和中毒、火灾及其他事故。统计表明，在这些事故中，矿业事故最多，占59．8％，平均每天5．2起事故，其次是交通事故(23．1％)、爆炸事故(5．6％)、其他事故(5．6％)、毒物泄露和中毒(3．1％)、火灾(2．7％)。1050起事故共死亡2733人，伤2248人，死亡人数的百分比分别为矿业事故43．O％、交通事故37．1％、其他事故7．2％、爆炸事故6．8％、火灾3．9％、泄露中毒1．9％；受伤人数的百分比分别为交通事故63．7％、爆炸事故10．5％、矿业事故9．9％、泄露中毒6．9％、其他事故6．6％、火灾2．4％。章最后对2002年我国发生的一些事故进行了讨论。     

新疆油田采出水处理技术

近几年新疆油田研究成功对采出水的处理技术,根据油田采出水水质特点、水处理药剂的反应机理、水处理药剂与原水的混合机理、絮体长大的机理及絮体沉淀的机理,采用了稠油污水微涡旋处理技术,高效水质净化与稳定技术等,处理后的污水又用于回注,降低了运行成本,减少了环境污染。     

Toxicity of cypermethrin to Daphnia magna HB

The acute toxic effect of the pesticide cypermethrin to Daphnia magna HB was examined. D. magna HB was exposed to cypermethrin at concentrations of 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 mg/L for 24 h. Data showed that the 24 h-LG50 of cypermthrin on D. magna HB was 4.81 mg/L. In contrast, the 24 h-LC50 of K2Cr2O7 (the national standard toxicant) to Daphnia magna was 0.38 mg/L in the current study. Results indicated that the Daphnia magna was very sensitive to pesticides. In addition, the effects of the culture condition(such as hardness, temperature and DO etc. ) on Daphnia magna HB was also studied.     

区域电网火电厂对水环境影响评价指标研究

区域电网内所有火电厂对区域水环境影响评价指标是进行区域火电厂规划环评的基础.通过对区域电网内火电厂对区域水环境影响的共性研究,提出了区域电网内火电厂取水影响、排水影响和水污染物影响3项评价指标;在此基础上利用和积法计算各指标的权重,依据权重求得区域水环境综合影响评价指标.评价指标在华东电网火电厂区域水环境影响评价中进行了应用,结果表明,华东电网火电厂对区域水环境的影响程度由大到小依次为黄浦江、太湖、巢湖、淮河、长江和钱塘江.      

竹醋酸在堆肥中的应用

以秸杆、锯末和猪粪为原料,以竹醋酸为添加剂进行静态好氧堆肥试验,分析堆肥过程中温度、pH、有机质、TN等的变化情况,比较不同竹醋酸浓度对堆肥的促进作用。在对腐熟后堆肥的分析表明,适宜的竹醋酸浓度可以促进微生物的活性,缩短达到高温所需的时间;跟空白堆体相比,添加竹醋酸的堆体氮损失率降低10%。     

三峡水库成库初期营养盐与浮游植物分布特征

根据2003-09-08～2003-09-15航行11个点位测试数据,分析了三峡水库成库后营养元素及浮游生物量的分布特征,初步探讨了营养盐分布与Chla的关系.结果表明,调查区域营养盐浓度较高,其中TN各测点均超过国家地表水环境质量标准Ⅲ类水标准,含量范围为1.01～1.35 mg·L^-1.TP含量范围为0.028～0.054 mg·L^-1;K含量范围为2.80～3.44 mg·L^-1;TOC含量范围为1.92～2.59 mg·L^-1,Chla含量范围为1.58～7.35mg·m^-3,平均浓度为4.69 mg·m^-3.利用相关分析方法,分析了Chla与营养盐之间的关系,表明Chla与NO₃^--N成显著正相关(r=0.728 7);与浊度成显著负相关(r=-0.920 7).利用系统聚类方法分析三峡水库水体指标,随长江流向明显分为3类,即上游区(长寿、涪陵、丰都、忠县)、中游区(万州、云阳、奉节)和下游区(巫山).硅藻在4个测点均为优势种群,占总量的86%,平均为129 844个/L,浮游植物量沿水流方向有增高趋势.     

Effect of oxidation treatment on the adsorption and the stability of mercury on activated carbon

Oxidation treatment on the adsorption and the stability of Hg on activated carbon （AC） was inrestigated. Both MnO2-AC and FeCl3-AC were produced during oxidation treatment. The measurement of modified AC＇s mercury adsorption capacity was conducted in a simulated coal-fired flue gas by adsorbing test apparatus. TCLP and column leaching methods were used to test the stability of mercury adsorbed on ACs. The results indicate that the oxidation treatment changed the pore structure of the AC and modified the carbon surface by creating chemical components such as MnO4^-, Mn^4＋, O, NO^3-, Fe^3＋, Cl^-, etc. The Hg sorption capacity on MnO2-AC or FeCl3-AC was about three times higher than that of untreated carbon. In addition, the mercury control cost of each of the formers was about the half cost of the untreated carbon. The stability of Hg absorption was studied, it found that mercury adsorbed on the oxidation treated AC was not better than that of untreated carbon. It could concluded that the insoluble form of Hg is very important to the stability of mercury adsorbed on AC. This study suggests that the FeCl3-AC is the best absorbent for Hg with high adsorption capacity, better Hg adsorption stability in leaching environment, and lower cost among the three ACs tested.