电絮凝-气浮法去除水中聚乙烯颗粒研究

近年来,在世界各地水体中不断发现微塑料,人们对其潜在环境、健康风险表示担忧.当前,对微塑料去除的方法也逐渐展开研究.该实验采用电絮凝-气浮法对水中粒径为60～100μm聚乙烯(PE)颗粒进行去除,分别考察了电极组合、电流强度、电解质浓度、溶液初始pH值对聚乙烯颗粒去除效果影响.结果 表明,以铝为阳极、铁为阴极的电极组合最优.较高的电解质浓度和碱性条件会降低聚乙烯颗粒的去除效果.以铝为阳极、铁为阴极,极板间距为1 cm,电流密度为4mA/cm2,电解质浓度为2.5 mmol/L,溶液初始pH值为7时,电解25 min后,聚乙烯颗粒的去除率为97.43％.     

铅大气污染物环境保护标准限值研究

铅因其对公众健康的影响,其大气污染物标准限值的合理性倍受关注.论文对比分析了国内外铅大气污染物环境质量与排放标准,通过计算提出基于保护环境空气质量的排放标准理论限值及建议限值.分析发现,目前国际上铅环境空气质量标准浓度限值为0.00015～0.0015 mg·m~(-3),但多采用世界卫生组织(WHO)的年均浓度限值0.0005 mg·m~(-3);建议我国今后修订标准时对铅年均浓度和季均浓度限值进一步加严.与发达国家相比,我国铅环境空气质量季均浓度限值水平已显落后;国际上目前各类排放源铅大气污染物排放浓度限值在0.04～2 mg·m~(-3)之间,金属冶炼源等主要源的排放浓度限值在1～2 mg·m~(-3),其他排放源均在0.5 mg·m~(-3)以下;我国铅、锌熔炼源正在执行的排放浓度限值(8 mg·m~(-3))较为宽松,而其他源的铅大气排放浓度限值与国际上的限值基本一致.通过计算认为,保护公众健康的铅大气污染物的理论排放限值为1.2～2.4 mg·m~(-3).考虑到我国的经济技术水平,建议铅、锌熔炼源的铅大气污染物新建企业排放浓度限值为2 mg·m~(-3);其他源的新建企业排放浓度建议限值为0.5 mg·m~(-3).经过过渡期,现有企业应达到新建企业的排放控制要求.铅的企业边界浓度排放限值是保护企业边界附近公众健康的有效屏障,但鉴于铅的污染特性,对于具体建设项目应加强环评力度,提出更具体明确的排放控制要求,并加强对企业周边环境敏感点的环境监测等,采取综合措施保护公众健康.     

嘉兴市地表水中兽用抗生素的污染现状调查

建立了适合长三角地区重要生猪养殖基地嘉兴市环境水体中4类(四环素类、磺胺类、大环内酯类、喹诺酮类)共10种常用兽用抗生素同时检测的固相萃取与液相色谱质谱(LC-MS/MS)联用技术,对该地区10个典型村镇河道断面和21个市区主要河网监控断面开展调查.结果表明,村镇河道中抗生素污染严重,10种抗生素总浓度为65.6～467.0 ng.L-1.其中,四环素类和磺胺类浓度分别为40.8～253.0 ng.L-1和未检出～165.0 ng.L-1;大环内酯类和喹诺酮类浓度分别为3.1～14.68ng.L-1和未检出～14.54 ng.L-1.市区河网污染相对较轻,10种抗生素总浓度为20.1～61.2 ng.L-1,其中四环素类浓度为未检出～44.0 ng.L-1;磺胺类、大环内酯类和喹诺酮类浓度则分别低于2.7、6.3和21.6 ng.L-1.     

水生植物在微生物燃料电池中的应用研究进展

微生物燃料电池在降解污染物的同时能将污染物中的化学能转化为电能。研究微生物燃料电池是对污水处理过程中回收环境友好能源的多学科交叉探索,可以为我国有效解决能源与环境问题提供新的技术途径。水生植物在微生物燃料电池研究中已得到了应用,显示出了良好的污水净化效果和生物产电特性。目前利用水生植物构建的微生物燃料电池,一类是将高等植物根区作为电池的阳极系统,目的是利用根区分泌物解决MFC的燃料问题;另一类是直接将低等水生植物藻类构建生物阴极型微生物燃料电池,其实质是利用藻类光合作用产氧构建好氧型生物阴极微生物燃料电池而还原CO2。文章对水生植物在微生物燃料中的作用机制、调控措施、运行条件、工艺参数等方面的研究现状进行了综合分析,也提出了需要深入研究的方向。     

碎裂边坡岩体等效抗剪强度参数的确定

为了更精确地求出岩体的等效抗剪强度参数,本文采用岩体结构面网络模拟方法获得了边坡岩体质量分级的RMR值,通过建立RMR值与Hoek-Brown强度准则的数学关系,可计算出岩体的等效内聚力c和等效内摩擦角,并以该等效参数为基础利用3DEC软件进行数值模拟,结果表明模拟结果与实际情况基本相符,从而验证了该方法进行碎裂边坡岩体抗剪强度参数的确定具有可行性,且能更精确地为工程设计和施工服务。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and ecotoxicological characterization of sediments from the Huaihe River, China

The distribution, source, ecological risk and ecotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of sediments from 7 sampling sites, named as Xinyang (XY), Huainan (HN), Bengbu (BB), Xuyi (XuY), Fuyang (FY), Mengcheng (MC) and Zhengzhou (ZZ), in the Huaihe River basin, China, have been investigated. The total concentrations of 16 USEPA priority PAHs ranged from 62.9 to 2232.4 ng g?1 dry weight (d.w.) with a mean concentration of 1056.8 ng g?1 d.w. Through the assessment of ecological risk, we found that the levels of PAHs in the Huaihe River should not exert adverse biological effects. The total benzo[a]pyrene toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values calculated for samples varied from 0.01 to 194.1 ng g?1 d.w., with an average of 65.9 ng g?1. The toxicity data were accordant with the chemical analysis results in this study. HN, BB and ZZ showed the greatest pollution extent both in the chemical analysis and the study of ecotoxicological effects.     

The effects of multiple beneficial management practices on hydrology and nutrient losses in a small watershed in the Canadian prairies

Most beneficial management practices (BMPs) recommended for reducing nutrient losses from agricultural land have been established and tested in temperate and humid regions. Previous studies on the effects of these BMPs in cold-climate regions, especially at the small watershed scale, are rare. In this study, runoff and water quality were monitored from 1999 to 2008 at the outlets of two subwatersheds in the South Tobacco Creek watershed in Manitoba, Canada. Five BMPs-a holding pond below a beef cattle overwintering feedlot, riparian zone and grassed waterway management, grazing restriction, perennial forage conversion, and nutrient management-were implemented in one of these two subwatersheds beginning in 2005. We determined that >80% of the N and P in runoff at the outlets of the two subwatersheds were lost in dissolved forms, ≈ 50% during snowmelt events and ≈ 33% during rainfall events. When all snowmelt- and rainfall-induced runoff events were considered, the five BMPs collectively decreased total N (TN) and total P (TP) exports in runoff at the treatment subwatershed outlet by 41 and 38%, respectively. The corresponding reductions in flow-weighted mean concentrations (FWMCs) were 43% for TN and 32% for TP. In most cases, similar reductions in exports and FWMCs were measured for both dissolved and particulate forms of N and P, and during both rainfall and snowmelt-induced runoff events. Indirect assessment suggests that retention of nutrients in the holding pond could account for as much as 63 and 57%, respectively, of the BMP-induced reductions in TN and TP exports at the treatment subwatershed outlet. The nutrient management BMP was estimated to have reduced N and P inputs on land by 36 and 59%, respectively, in part due to the lower rates of nutrient application to fields converted from annual crop to perennial forage. Overall, even though the proportional contributions of individual BMPs were not directly measured in this study, the collective reduction of nutrient losses from the five BMPs was substantial.     

Contamination, source identification, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soil of Shanghai, China

The level, distribution, compositional pattern, and possible sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural soil of Shanghai were investigated. The concentrations ranged from 140.7 to 2,370.8 μg kg(?-1) for 21 PAHs and from 92.2 to 2,062.7 μg kg(?-1) for 16 priority PAHs, respectively. The higher level of PAHs was mainly distributed in the south and west of Shanghai region, and the lower concentration was found in Chongming Island. Generally, the composition pattern of PAHs was characterized with high molecular weight PAHs, the seven possible carcinogenic PAHs accounted for 4.8-50.8% of the total PAHs, and fluoranthene, pyrene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene were the most dominant components in soil samples. The correlation analysis suggested that low molecular weight PAHs and high molecular weight PAHs were originated from different sources and further corroborated that total organic carbon was a key soil property affecting the fate of persistent organic pollutants in the environment. The isomer ratios and principal component analysis indicated that PAHs in the investigated areas were derived primarily from combustion of biomass, coal, and petroleum. Compared to the soil quality standards of the Netherlands, all the target PAHs (except Ant) in most samples exceeded their target values. The Nemerow composite index based on the same soil quality standard showed that 69.4% of the soil samples were heavily polluted. The total BaP(eq) of ten Dutch target PAHs in 72% soil samples were higher than the reference total carcinogenic potency. Therefore, the agricultural soil in Shanghai is suffering from serious PAHs contamination.     

Preliminary evaluation of evaluation of the efficiency of aircraft liquid waste treatment using resolvable sanitizing liquid: a case study in Changchun

The physical, chemical, and biological indices of aircraft liquid wastes collected from multiple airplanes at Longjia Airport, Changchun, China were measured according to "Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard," evaluating treatment efficiency of resolvable sanitizing liquid. The results indicate that, after being treated by the resolvable sanitizing liquid, the indices of all first-class pollutants met the requirements of the standard, while among the second-class pollutants, the suspension content, biochemical oxygen demand after 5 days, and chemical oxygen demand as well as the contents of amino nitrogen, total phosphorus, anionic surfactants, total copper, absorbable organic halogen, and phenolic compounds did not reach the discharge standard. Particularly, the level of fecal coliform bacteria in the aircraft liquid wastes can meet the standard specification by adding more than 1 mL/L resolvable sanitizing liquid. The aircraft wastewater treated by resolvable sanitizing liquid cannot be directly discharged back into the environment as well as urban drainage systems.