A new polystyrene-latex-based and EPS-containing synthetic sludge

Since the living microorganisms in activated sludge continuously change, it is difficult to conduct controlled experiments and achieve reproducible results for evaluating sludge characteristics. Synthetic sludge, as a chemical surrogate to activated sludge, could be used to investigate the sludge physicochemical properties, and it is desirable to prepare synthetic sludge with similar structure and properties to real activated sludge to explore the flocculation and settlement processes in activated sludge systems. In this work, a high-strength synthetic sludge was prepared with functional polystyrene latex particles as the framework and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to modify its surface. The flocculation and settling characteristics of the microspheres and the prepared synthetic sludge were tested. Compared with other three functional polystyrene latex microspheres, the synthetic sludge prepared with EPS-modified polystyrene latex microspheres showed good settling characteristics and a significantly higher strength. They could be used for studying the physicochemical properties of activated sludge.     

G213沿线茂县-汶川段地质灾害遥感调查及影像特征分析

2008年5月12日,四川省汶川发生的Ms8.0大地震及由地震引发的地质灾害使汶川县与茂县交通、通信全部中断,房屋倒塌、农田被毁,给基础设施造成了巨大的损失,尤其沿G213国道岷江流域地质灾害非常严重。在213国道茂县-汶川段,大量的崩滑体损毁了公路路基,加之部分路段塌方,道路彻底中断。地质灾害对河流、道路及各类工程建筑毁坏严重,对生态环境造成了严重破坏。运用常规调查方法给减灾救灾带来了很大困难,很难满足时效性。文中在对航空遥感数据、TM遥感影像等多源数据协同处理的基础上,对G213国道茂县-汶川段进行了调查分析,宏观显示地质灾害对居民点、河流、电站、耕地等造成了巨大破坏与威胁,为抗震救灾、地质灾害评估和灾后重建提供了基础数据和技术支撑,提高了应急速度。     

灰色关联度分析方法在水质评价中的应用——以常州市北市河为例

基于灰色关联度分析的方法对苏南老城区典型河道—常州市北市河进行了12个月的水质评价,选取了罗汉桥、椿庭桥、金谷庄园桥三个断面,将实测水质与地表水水质标准进行关联分析。结果表明:选取的3个断面水质变化趋势比较一致,春冬季水质优于夏秋季水质;除了8月份金谷庄园桥水质为V类外,其他断面全年水质优于V类;3个断面水质为IV类的月份分别占58.33%、75%、50%。     

煤层气开发环境污染特征及防治对策研究

煤层气开发是一个时短、线长、面广的工程活动,具有单井产气量低、井网密度大、降压排水等独特特征,对生态环境有一定的影响。文中分析了煤层气开发过程中钻井废液、排采水等污染物的性质,结果表明,钻井废液中COD浓度较高,为1 985.5 mg/L,As、Cr、Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe、Pb等重金属含量均在污水综合排放二级标准之内;排采水中含有较高的COD、重金属、盐浓度,经自然沉降后,COD、重金属浓度有所降低,而盐浓度变化不大;考察了煤层气开发对土壤环境质量的影响,发现钻井过程对土壤盐渍化没有影响,但土壤中As含量有所增加。在此基础上,提出钻井废液、排采水及污染土壤的具体防治对策,为煤层气开发污染治理提供理论依据与技术支持。     

基于新型反应器的好氧颗粒污泥的稳定性控制

为避免好氧颗粒污泥随着粒径和密度的变化屡次出现其稳定性失去控制,导致好氧颗粒污泥系统运行失败的状况发生,开发了一种新型反应器能够很好地控制好氧颗粒污泥的粒径和密度.新反应器结合旋流器的使用提供了2种排泥方式,其一是短的沉淀时间,将大粒径和高密度的颗粒污泥存留在反应器中;其二是一种专有的污泥排除工艺,选择出反应器内潜在的可能存在进一步粒径增长和密度扩大从而破坏反应器运行稳定的大粒径和高密度的颗粒,并将其排除.以上2种方式保证了反应器内颗粒污泥的粒径长期维持在300～1 000μm,进而维持整个系统的稳定性.对新型反应器生成的颗粒污泥进行动力学参数的测定,该工艺所形成颗粒的能量维持系数为0.08～0.10,就新陈代谢活动的代谢途径而言,相比传统颗粒污泥系统发生较大改变,维持新陈代谢活动所消耗COD较传统工艺偏高.另外,出水水质COD的降解率平均达到92%,氨氮降解率平均达到60%.     

EOS/MODIS数据在太湖蓝藻水华时空分布规律提取中的应用研究

EOS/MODIS数据非常适合于蓝藻水华的监测.为充分发挥EOS/MODIS数据高时间分辨率以及高光谱的独特优点,在2008年太湖蓝藻预警遥感监刹的基础上,利用MODIS数据开展了蓝藻水华时间和空间分布规律信息的提取方法研究,从蓝藻水华分布频率、分布区域的迁移变化以及基于水质指标反演(以温度为例)的相关性分析等方面系统开展太湖蓝藻水华时空发生规律提取方法研究,为蓝藻应急治理工作提供支持.     

基于MODIS数据的太湖蓝藻变化与水温关系研究

以太湖为研究区,基于2008年4～12月的60景EOS—MODIS 1B遥感影像数据。利用NDVI算法结合目视判读解译了水华分布变化的基本信息,通过劈窗算法反演太湖湖面水温,发现在2008年太湖蓝藻生长、暴发、衰退周期中。水华面积的大小与湖面均温值之间关系密切：在20℃以下时表层水温与太湖蓝藻生长暴发或沉寂消亡具有明显的相关性;20℃-30℃时水华的面积大小受到湖面温度和其他因素的共同影响,容易发生大规模蓝藻暴发：30℃以上时过高的表层水温会对蓝藻的上浮聚集具有一定抑制作用：太湖蓝藻全年消亡的临界温度与其初始生长的临界温度相比更低。研究同时发现太湖湖面温度的空间差异是影响蓝藻水华分布迁移的重要因素之一。     

Total pollution effect of urban surface runoff

For pollution research with regard to urban surface runo , most sampling strategies to date have focused on di erences in land usage. With single land-use sampling, total surface runo pollution e ect cannot be evaluated unless every land usage spot is monitored. Through a new sampling strategy known as mixed stormwater sampling for a street community at discharge outlet adjacent to river, this study assessed the total urban surface runo pollution e ect caused by a variety of land uses and the pollutants washed o from the rain pipe system in the Futian River watershed in Shenzhen City of China. The water quality monitoring indices were COD (chemical oxygen demand), TSS (total suspend solid), TP (total phosphorus), TN (total nitrogen) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand). The sums of total pollution loads discharged into the river for the four indices of COD, TSS, TN, and TP over all seven rainfall events were very di erent. The mathematical model for simulating total pollution loads was established from discharge outlet mixed stormwater sampling of total pollution loads on the basis of four parameters: rainfall intensity, total land area, impervious land area, and pervious land area. In order to treat surface runo pollution, the values of MFF30 (mass first flush ratio) and FF30 (first 30% of runo volume) can be considered as split-flow control criteria to obtain more e ective and economical design of structural BMPs (best management practices) facilities.     

Seasonal variation of nitrogen and phosphorus in Xiaojiang River—A tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir

A yearlong monitoring program in the backwater area of Xiaojiang River (XBA) was launched in order to investigate the eutrophication of backwater areas in tributaries of the Yangtze River in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in China, starting after the impoundment water level of the TGR reached 156 m. From March 2007 to March 2008, the average concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were (1553±484) μg·L⁻¹ and (62±31) μg·L⁻¹, respectively. The mean value of chlorophyll was (9.07±0.91) μg·L⁻¹. The trophic level of XBA was meso-eutrophic, while the general nutrient limitation was phosphorus. The results indicated that XBA has a strong ability to purify itself and has non-point source pollution from terrestrial runoff. The variation of TN/TP ratio was caused by a variation in TN rather than in TP when TN/TP < 22. N-fixation from cyanobacteria occurred and became an important process in overcoming the nitrogen deficit under a low TN/TP ratio. When TN/TP ⩾ 22, the variation of TP affected the TN/TP ratio more significantly than TN. The increase of TP in XBA was caused mainly by particulate phosphorus, which could originate from a non-point source as adsorptive inorganic forms after heavy rainfall and surface runoff. An increase in the river’s flow could also contribute to an unstable environment for the growth of phytoplankton.     

Experimental study of photooxidation products of ethylbenzene

Smog chamber experiments were performed to investigate the composition of products formed from photooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbon ethylbenzene. Vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometer and aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer were used to measure the products in the gas and particle phases in real-time. Experimental results demonstrated that ethylphenol, methylglyoxal, phenol, benzaldehyde, and 2-ethylfurane were the predominant photooxidation products in both the gas and particle phases. However, there were some di erences between detected gas phase products and those of particle phase, for example, 2-ethylfurane, ethylglyoxylic acid, nitroethylbenzene, 3,4-dioxopentanal and ethyl-nitrophenol were only existing in the particle-phase. The possible reaction mechanisms leading to these products were also discussed and proposed.