环境管理体系ISO14000的产生及其实施

ISO14000是国际标准化组织（ISO）为推动可持续发展，统一协调各国环境管理标准，减少世界贸易中的非关税贸易壁垒而制定的环境管理系列标准。由于实施系列标准具有保护环境和消除贸易技术壁垒的双重作用，因此受到世界各国的广泛关注。本文就ISO14000系列标准的产生背景、制定基础及实施情况进行了简单介绍，希望能引起有关企业的重视，推动ISO14000在我国的认证工作，以减少工业企业的环境污染，推进可持续发展战略在我国的实施。     

基于季节调整的水资源承载力不确定性分析

为了更好的反映水资源情况与人类生活的关系,提出了新的水资源承载力计算公式作为衡量指标,并分析了水资源承载力的不确定性.提出季节调整方法处理水资源承载力,以1991～2002年广州流溪河某控制断面的实测数据为例,分析了季节调整后水资源承载力的变化规律与发展趋势,并做出2003年的水资源承载力预测值与实测值对比.结果显示,该断面水资源承载力具有显著的趋势性和季节性,预测结果符合实际情况.说明季节调整方法应用于水资源承载力的分析预测具有准确性和有效性.     

膜表面污染中凝胶层形成机理及控制的研究

膜污染问题是影响膜生物反应器发展的一项关键技术。文章对膜污染中凝胶层的产生机理进行了研究与分析，认为凝胶层形成首先是由有机物在膜表面的吸附开始．在膜面浓差极化、生物污染及膜孔堵塞影响的共同作用下，使凝胶层迅速增厚，从而导致膜的严重污染；文章还对膜污染的控制进行了研究分析。     

H2O2对载银TiO2光催化降解Aroclor1260的影响

光催化氧化法降解水中有机污染物是近来发展较为迅速的废水处理技术，以锐钛型载银TiO2为催化剂，在发射光谱波长为254nm，功率的15W紫外灯照射下，考察不同H2O2浓度对Aroclor1260的光催化降解的影响，结果表明：低浓度的H2O2对Aroclor1260的光催化降解有促进作用，而当H2O2的浓度高于30mol/l时，光催化降解受到抑制，而且这种影响对不同PCB单体化合物的效果基本一致。     

草浆黑液碱回收方法的研究

研究了 2种不同的碱回收方法—隔膜电解法和物理化学法回收草浆黑液中残碱的可行性及处理效果 ,并进行了回收碱液蒸煮纸浆的实验。实验结果表明 ,两种回收方法均具有较高的碱回收率—分别达到 94%和 6 0 %以上 ,所制纸浆与原液浆比较性能也无明显差异 ,且 2种方法均有操作简便、设备一次性投资少、处理黑液效果较好等特点 ,为中小型造纸厂解决黑液污染问题提供了新的技术思路     

化合物对降解微生物毒性的简便测定方法

以对亚硝基－Ｎ，Ｎ－二甲基苯胺盐为指示剂，测定化合物对降解微生物的毒性，测定条件为：温度２５℃，菌种投加量之１ｍｌ／Ｌ沉降０．５ｈ活性污泥，指示剂浓度１ｍｇ／Ｌ曝气量４００ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，作用时间４ｈ，实验证明，当指示剂显著降解率〉７０％时无为毒，〈３０％为毒性较大，当降解率为５０％其毒性浓度抑制值与文献数据基本一致。     

Phosphine production in anaerobic wastewater treatment under tetracycline antibiotic pressure

The influence of tetracycline(TC) antibiotics on phosphine(PH_3) production in the anaerobic wastewater treatment was studied. A lab-scale anaerobic baffled reactor with three compartments was employed to simulate this process. The reactor was operated in a TC-absence wastewater and 250 μg/L TC-presence wastewater for three months after a start-up period,respectively. The responses of p H, oxidation–reduction potential(ORP), chemical oxygen demand(COD), total phosphorus(TP), enzymes activity(dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase),and microbial community were investigated to reveal the effect of TC on PH_3 production.Results suggested that the dehydrogenase(DH) activity, acid phosphatase(ACP) activity and COD have positive relationship with PH_3 production, while p H, ORP level and the TP in liquid phase have negative relationship with PH_3 production. With prolonged TC exposure, decrease in p H and increase in DH activity are beneficial to PH_3 production, while decrease in COD and ACP activity are not the limiting factors for PH_3 production.     

Fast screening compositions of PM2.5 by ATR-FTIR: Comparison with results from IC andOC/EC analyzers

Chemical speciation of fine particles or PM_(2.5) collected on filters is still a costly and timeconsuming task. In this study, filter-based PM_(2.5) samples were collected during November–December 2013 at four sites in Guangzhou, and the major components were fast screened(~7 min per filter sample) by Attenuated Total Reflectance(ATR)-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic(FTIR) in comparison with that measured by Organic carbon/Element carbon(OC/EC) analyzer and Ion Chromatography(IC). The concentrations of nitrate, ammonium, sulfate,primary organic carbon(POC) and secondary organic carbon(SOC) measured by OC/EC and IC analyzers were better correlated with their infrared absorption peak heights at 1320 cm~(-1) for nitrate, 1435, 3045 and 3215 cm~(-1) for ammonium, 615 cm~(-1) for sulfate, 690, 760 and 890 cm~(-1) for POC and 1640 and 1660 cm~(-1) for SOC respectively, during polluted days(PM_(2.5) 75 μg/m~3) than during clean days(PM_(2.5)≤ 75 μg/m~3). With the evolution of a haze episode during our field campaign, the concentrations of the major PM_(2.5) components displayed consistent variations with their infrared absorption peak heights, suggesting ATR-FTIR could be a fast and useful technique to characterize filter-based PM_(2.5) compositions particularly during pollution events although cautions should be taken when PM_(2.5) levels are low. Notably, elevated PM_(2.5) mass concentrations occurred with enhanced ratios of [NO_(-3)]/[SO_4~(2-)] and [NH~(+4)]/[SO_4~(2-)], implying that nitrogenous components play vital roles in the PM_(2.5) pollution events in the study region.     

Influences of accumulated mileage and technological changes on emissions of regulated pollutants from gasoline passenger vehicles

In this study, the influences of accumulated mileage(deterioration) and technological changes(emission standards) on emission factors(EFs) of regulated pollutants(CO, HC, and NO_x) from gasoline passenger vehicles were investigated based on Inspection and Maintenance(I/M) data using the chassis dynamometer method. The accumulated mileage of passenger vehicles was significantly linearly correlated with vehicle age. For most cases,the average EFs of CO, HC and NO_x were significantly linearly correlated with accumulated mileage, indicating that emission deterioration had a significant impact on pollutant EFs.Implemented emission standards markedly influenced the EFs of regulated pollutants, and EFs markedly decreased with progressing emission standards. The present study also compared EFs of regulated pollutants between this study and the International vehicle emission(IVE) model, and marked differences in EFs were seen with variations in emission standards, vehicle types and accumulated mileage; NO_x EFs in this study were higher than in the IVE model. The results provide new insight into estimating regulated pollutant emissions using the IVE model.