石油石化应急管理工作的问卷调查与讨论

为分析石油石化企业应急管理工作中存在的矛盾问题,选取有代表性的24家企业作为调查对象,通过随机抽样方法选定620名员工的样本容量,设置企业应急管理中涉及的应急培训、应急处置卡、应急准备、应急资源等4方面15项代表性问题作为问卷调查内容;根据调查问卷结果及分析,提出企业在应急培训、处置、准备方面的薄弱环节以及不同企业和领导层间在应急管理中的差异性;根据分析结果,提出相关措施建议,为后续应急管理工作的改进完善提供决策支持。     

Effect of triazophos,fipronil and their mixture on miRNA expression in adult zebrafish

MicroRNA (miRNA) plays a crucial role in gene expression regulation. However, no data are available on change of miRNA expression of zebrafish (Danio rerio) after treatment with pesticides. We evaluated the effect of fipronil (5-amino-1-[2, 6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl) sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile) and triazophos (3-(O, O-diethyl)-1-phenyl thiophosphoryl-1, 2, 4-triazol) and their mixture on miRNA expression in zebrafish. MiRNA expression profiles in zebrafish were altered after treatment with these chemicals. An association between these chemicals and the expression of 21 miRNAs was found 96 h after treatment. Among them, 14 miRNAs were differentially expressed due to the treatments with fipronil, triazophos and their mixture; 5 miRNAs showed altered expression level after treatment with formulations of these chemicals; miR-29b and miR-738 were differentially expressed after treatment with adjuvants. MiRNAs might present a novel toxicological response that could be used as a toxicological biomarker and have a different direction for future investigations of their association with miRNAs involved in chemical related diseases.     

Insight into the promotion mechanism of activated carbon on the monolithic honeycomb red mud catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NOx

• Activated carbon was proposed to be an efficient accelerant for molded red mud catalyst. • The surface acidity and reducibility were highly improved, as well as the pore structure. • The enrichment of the surface Fe²⁺ and the adsorbed oxygen account for the improvement. Our previous study proved that the acid-pretreatment process could efficiently activate red mud (RM) for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_x. However, in terms of the molding process, which is the key step determining whether it can be applied in large-scale industrial, the surface acidity and reducibility of catalyst always decreased dramatically, and part of surface area and pore structure were lost. In this study, we prepared monolithic honeycomb red mud (MHRM) catalysts with activated carbon (AC) as an accelerant and investigated the effect of AC on the MHRM. The results showed that the MHRM with 3 wt.% of AC (MHRM-AC3) exhibited the best SCR performance, and kept more than 80% NO_x conversion in the range of 325°C–400°C. Compared with the MHRM, MHRM-AC1, and HMRM-AC5, the MHRM-AC3 has more mesoporous and macroporous structures, which can provide more adsorption active sites. The AC significantly improved NH₃ adsorption and surface reducibility, which was mainly due to the increase of the surface acid sites (especially the Brönsted acid sites), the concentration of Fe(II), and the surface adsorbed oxygen. The presence of more Fe(II) enriched the surface oxygen vacancies, as well as the surface adsorbed oxygen, due to the charge imbalance and unsaturated chemical bond. And surface adsorbed oxygen exhibited more active than lattice oxygen owing to its higher mobility, which was conducive to NO_x reduction in the SCR reaction.     

考虑机组启停下含负荷侧调用的电力系统调度研究

为了解决新能源波动性导致电力系统调峰能力严重不足的问题,针对极端情况下负荷和新能源功率严重不匹配的情况下提出了一种考虑机组启停含负荷侧调用的电力系统调度方法,首先根据负荷和新能源功率相减拟合得到等效负荷,其次根据等效负荷和火电机组最大最小技术出力的关系确定火电机组的功率分配、负荷侧调用和机组启停情况,然后对比了不含机组启停、仅考虑机组启停和含负荷侧调用考虑机组启停调度方法下的限电成本、限电率和启停成本,最后通过仿真验证了本文调度方法的可行性。     

Precise regulation of acid pretreatment for red mud SCR catalyst: Targeting on optimizing the acidity and reducibility

• The optimum SCR activity was realized by tuning the acid pretreatment. • Optimized catalysts showed NO_x conversion above 90%. • The NH₃ and NO adsorption capacity of Al-O₃-Fe is stronger than Fe-O₃-Fe. • The formation of almandine consumes Fe³⁺ and Al³⁺ and weakens their interaction. Red mud (RM), as an alkaline waste, was recently proved to be a promising substitute for the SCR catalyst. Dealkalization could improve the acidity and reducibility of red mud, which were critical for SCR reaction. However, the dealkalization effect depended on the reaction between acid solution and red mud. In this study, we realized the directional control of the chemical state of active sites through tuning the acid pretreatment (dealkalization) process. The pretreatment endpoint was controlled at pH values of 3–5 with diluted nitric acid. When the pH values of red mud were 3 and 5 (CRM-3 and CRM-5), activated catalysts showed NO_x conversion above 90% at 275°C–475°C. The high initial reaction rate, Ce³⁺/(Ce³⁺ + Ce⁴⁺) ratio, and surface acidity accounted for the excellent SCR performance of CRM-5 catalyst. Meanwhile, more Fe³⁺ on the CRM-3 surface improved the NH₃ adsorption. There was a strong interaction between Al and Fe in both CRM-5 and CRM-3 catalysts. DFT results showed that the adsorption capacity of the Al-O₃-Fe for NH₃ and NO is stronger than that of Fe-O₃-Fe, which enhanced the NO_x conversion of the catalyst. However, the almandine was formed in CRM-4, consumed part of Fe³⁺ and Al³⁺, and the interaction between Al and Fe was weakened. Also, deposited almandine on the catalyst surface covered the active sites, thus leading to lower NH₃-SCR activity.     

干旱区绿洲城郊排污渠沉积物重金属污染与释放特征

在白银市城郊东大沟沿程采集了8个沉积物样品,采用Tessier五步连续提取法和静态释放试验研究了沉积物中重金属的污染特征及在不同离子强度条件下沉积物中重金属的释放规律.结果表明:(1)东大沟沉积物中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的含量均超过了甘肃省土壤元素背景值,其平均值分别为背景值的128.83、12.71、26.90、17.99倍.(2)沉积物中Cd和Cu主要以残渣态和有机结合态存在,Zn主要以有机结合态和铁锰氧化物结合化态存在,Pb主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在;沉积物中重金属的活性顺序为ZnPbCdCu.(3)随着离子强度的增大,沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn的释放量随之增加,沉积物中Cd的释放量则是先增加后减少.     

NO-CO-CO2-N2体系中若干金属氧化物对NO去除反应的催化作用

采用固定床流动反应装置，考察Ｃｕ２Ｏ、ＣｕＯ、Ｃｒ２Ｏ３、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３、ＭｎＯ２、Ｎｉ２Ｏ３、Ｖ２Ｏ５等金属氧化物对ＮＯＣＯＣＯ２Ｎ２体系中ＮＯ去除反应的催化作用，同时，分析了ＮＯＣＯＣＯ２Ｎ２体系中金属氧化物对ＮＯ去除的作用。研究结果表明，各金属氧化物对ＮＯ去除反应均有不同程度的催化活性，其中Ｆｅ２Ｏ３、Ｎｉ２Ｏ３、ＣｕＯ等对ＮＯ的去除显示出较强的催化作用。金属氧化物存在条件下ＮＯＣＯＣＯ２Ｎ２体系中，ＮＯ去除反应较为复杂，ＮＯ／ＣＯ气相直接反应、低价氧化物对ＮＯ的还原作用、金属氧化物对ＮＯ分解反应的催化作用及金属氧化物对ＮＯ／ＣＯ反应的催化作用等都可能存在。大部分金属氧化物以对ＮＯ／ＣＯ反应的催化作用为主，而Ｎｉ２Ｏ３的预还原试样对ＮＯ的直接分解反应表现了极强的催化活性。     

载镧生物炭对水体氟离子的去除性能

以花生壳为原料、LaCl₃∙7H₂O为镧前驱体,通过一步热解法制备了载镧生物炭(La-BC),确定了最佳制备条件,考察了溶液pH、吸附时间、La-BC投加量、F⁻初始质量浓度、共存离子等因素对La-BC吸附性能的影响,评估了La-BC在真实地下水中的应用潜能。结果表明：在pH为5~8时,La-BC表现出稳定的除氟性能。吸附过程符合准二级动力学和Langmuir等温线模型;在25 ℃和35 ℃下,La-BC的最大理论吸附容量分别为29.50 mg∙g⁻¹与33.17 mg∙g⁻¹。SO₄^2-、HCO₃⁻与CO₃²⁻ 对吸附过程存在不同程度的影响,Cl⁻、NO₃⁻和NH₄⁺影响较小。加标地下水经酸化预处理后,La-BC对工业园区地下水和农村饮用井水均表现出优异的除氟性能。La-BC上的含镧物种包括La(OH)₃、LaOCl、La(OH)₂Cl以及少量La₂(CO₃)₃和LaPO₄,其中La(OH)₂Cl为主要的除氟活性物种,F⁻主要通过静电作用和化学沉淀转化为LaF₃沉淀去除。     

高压脉冲放电处理含氰废水的影响因素探讨

焦化废水中含有大量的氰化物,必须采取有效措施进行去除,传统去除方法运行成本高、操作复杂,针对此问题,提出了用高压毫微秒脉冲产生的非平衡等离子体处理含氰废水的方法,对其影响因素pH值、放电时间、气流量、放电条件等进行了大量的实验研究。结果表明,当溶液初始pH值为9．09,放电2h,放电电压46kV时氰化物的去除率最高可达93．2％,氰化物的质量浓度可降至0．26mg／L。实验对比了放电与不放电氰化物的去除效果,结果表明相同条件下放电后氰化物的去除率大大提高,为焦化废水中氰化物的去除提出了一种新的方法。