两种生态下粳稻近等基因系形态性状与糙米元素间的关联性

昆明自然和阿子营冷水下鉴定了亲本及其十和田×NIL回交的BC5F5群体264个材料12个性状及ICP-AES测定了昆明自然下糙米17种矿质元素,并研究了该群体两点12个性状间及其17种矿质元素间的相关,结果表明:(1)阿子营冷水条件下该群体9个形态性状的平均值及其变异系数与昆明常温条件下相近,但穗实粒数、秕粒数及结实率3个耐冷性指标性状的平均值及其变异系数差异较大.(2)冷水条件下十和田 NIL群体形态性状间的相关比常温条件下吏密切,冷水条件下有42对呈显著或极显著相关(-0.823**～0.954**)而常温条件下仅有1 9对呈显著或极显著相关(-0.206**～0.432**).(3)在昆明常温和阿子营冷水下BC5F5群体及其亲本12个形态性状与糙米17种矿质元素组成的408对性状中仅有糙米9种矿质元素(S、Fe、Na、P、Zn、Ca、K、Mg和Mn)与孕穗期耐冷指标性状密切相关.     

云南稻种磷高效特性相关性状的生态差异

云南不仅是世界稻种(Oryza sativa L.)最大的遗传和生态多样性中心之一,也是中国土壤类型最丰富的地区;中国南方和云南耕地65%以上缺乏有效磷,土壤缺磷已成为稻作生产的主要限制因子.该文中,缺磷(速效磷6.26 mg·kg-1)与适磷(速效磷40 mg·kg-1)酸性红壤进行比较,以相对茎蘖数(RTA)、相对总质量(RTB)、相对地上质量(RDWU)和相对地下质量(RDWG)为参数,研究了来自云南省16个州市5个稻作区577份水稻核心种质的磷高效基因型及其生态差异,结果表明:低磷胁迫下云南稻核心种质的相对茎蘖数、相对总质量、相对地上质量和相对地下质量密切相关,这4个性状是水稻磷高效鉴定较可靠和方便的指标,并筛选出10个磷高效品种;磷高效基因型在籼粳间存在较大差异,但丁颖分类性状中的水陆、粘糯间差异较小;水稻磷高效品种广泛分布于5个稻作区和绝大多数州市,特别是磷高效极强品种主要来自云南稻种的遗传多样性中心(思茅、临沧、西双版纳、德宏和文山州)和基因多样性中心(南部边缘水陆兼作区).这些结果有力地支持了水稻磷高效特性与酸性红壤和遗传多样性中心有关,更好地理解水稻磷高效特性的地理生态和遗传多样性机制.     

云南稻核心种质苗期与孕穗期耐冷性特点及关系分析

以544份云南地方稻核心种质为材料,在昆明自然低温(苗期平均5.5～12.3℃,孕穗期平均17.8℃)冷害下,按籼粳、稻作区进行云南稻核心种质苗期耐冷性与孕穗期耐冷性的特点及关系研究.结果表明:(1)苗期耐冷性与孕穗期耐冷性密切相关,苗期耐冷性强的材料表现为孕穗期株高、剑叶长和宽、穗颈长、穗下节长、1～2节长、穗长较长、穗粒数较多,耐冷性较强.通过对苗期耐冷性的严格选择,可以间接获得孕穗期耐冷性较强的材料.(2)苗期和孕穗期耐冷性在籼粳间、稻作区间差异明显.籼粳间均表现为粳稻强于籼稻;稻作区间苗期耐冷性为滇中一季籼粳稻区和滇南单双季籼稻区最强,滇中一季籼粳稻区和滇西北高寒粳稻区孕穗期耐冷性较强,揭示了水稻苗期与穗期耐冷性的形成演化机制存在一致性和差异性.     

Coupling urban 3-D information and circuit theory to advance the development of urban ecological networks

Ongoing, rapid urban growth accompanied by habitat fragmentation and loss challenges biodiversity conservation and leads to decreases in ecosystem services. Application of the concept of ecological networks in the preservation and restoration of connections among isolated patches of natural areas is a powerful conservation strategy. However, previous approaches often failed to objectively consider the impacts of complex 3-D city environments on ecological niches. We used airborne lidar-derived information on the 3-D structure of the built environment and vegetation and detailed land use and cover data to characterize habitat quality, niche diversity, and human disturbance and to predict habitat connectivity among 38 identified habitat core areas (HCAs) in Nanjing, China. We used circuit theory and Linkage Mapper to create a landscape resistance layer, simulate habitat connectivity, and identify and prioritize important corridors. We mapped 64 links by using current flow centrality to evaluate each HCA's contribution and the links that facilitate intact connectivity. Values were highest for HCA links located in the west, south, and northeast of the study area, where natural forests with complex 3-D structures predominate. Two smaller HCA areas had high centrality scores relative to their extents, which means they could act as important stepping stones in connectivity planning. The mapped pinch-point regions had narrow and fragile links among the HCAs, suggesting they require special protection. The barriers with the highest impact scores were mainly located at the HCA connections to Purple Mountain and, based on these high scores, are more likely to indicate important locations that can be restored to improve potential connections. Our novel framework allowed us to sufficiently convey spatially explicit information to identify targets for habitat restoration and potential pathways for species movement and dispersal. Such information is critical for assessing existing or potential habitats and corridors and developing strategic plans to balance habitat conservation and other land uses based on scientifically informed connectivity planning and implementation.     

利用CDOM吸收系数估算博斯腾湖水体表层DOC浓度

基于2021年夏秋两季西部干旱区博斯腾湖表层50个采样点位实测数据,通过对DOC特征的统计学分析、内外源因素影响的时空差异以及电导率相关性验证,将博斯腾湖划分为河口和非河口区域.然后以CDOM特征波长吸收系数a₂₅₀和a₃₆₅为自变量,以DOC浓度（c_DOC）为因变量,分别构建了基于CDOM的河口和非河口水域DOC浓度估算模型.结果表明：河流与湖泊进行水体交换的同时,会将大量陆源DOC输送到博斯腾湖中,使得河口区域DOC浓度明显高于非河口区域（t-tests,P<0.01）,河口区域的DOC浓度（c_DOC）约是非河口区域的2.2~2.3倍,且在河口区域c_DOC与电导率呈现显著相关关系（夏季：R²=0.81,P<0.01;秋季：R²=0.84,P<0.01）.本文构建拟合模型（c_DOC=α+β·α₂₅₀+γ·α₃₆₅）,并通过交叉验证的方法来检验模型精度.将夏季和秋季同区域数据统一建模,河口和非河口区域CDOM与DOC均存在较好的相关关系,且模型精度较高（河口区域：R²=0.60,RMSE=8.56%;非河口区域：R²=0.66,RMSE=8.77%）.本文所建立的模型可以在不增加环境因子变量的前提下提高精度,有利于实现卫星遥感反演.同时,本研究揭示了河流输入对博斯腾湖DOC分布和估算的时空影响,提出可利用CDOM估算DOC浓度,但需根据水文特征和c_DOC等因素区分河口和非河口区域.本研究对实现新疆水资源合理开发、有效保护以及综合治理提供科学依据,对我国西部干旱区湖泊DOC遥感动态监测具有重要意义.     

Seasonal to sub-seasonal variations of the Asian Tropopause Aerosols Layer affected by the deep convection, surface pollutants and precipitation

The Asian Tropopause Aerosols Layer (ATAL) refers to an accumulation of aerosols in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during boreal summer over Asia, which has a fundamental impact on the monsoon system and climate change. In this study, we primarily analyze the seasonal to sub-seasonal variations of the ATAL and the factors potentially influencing those variations based on MERRA2 reanalysis. The ability of the reanalysis to reproduce the ATAL is well validated by CALIPSO observations from May to October 2016. The results reveal that the ATAL has a synchronous spatiotemporal pattern with the development and movement of the Asian Summer Monsoon. Significant enhancement of ATAL intensity is found during the prevailing monsoon period of July–August, with two maxima centered over South Asia and the Arabian Peninsula. Owing to the fluctuations of deep convection, the ATAL shows an episodic variation on a timescale of 7–12 days. Attribution analysis indicates that deep convection dominates the variability of the ATAL with a contribution of 62.7%, followed by a contribution of 36.6% from surface pollutants. The impact of precipitation is limited. The ATAL further shows a clear diurnal variation: the peak of ATAL intensity occurs from 17:30 to 23:30 local time (LT), when the deep convection becomes strongest; the minimum ATAL intensity occurs around 8:30 LT owing to the weakened deep convection and photochemical reactions in clouds. The aerosol components of the ATAL show different spatiotemporal patterns and imply that black carbon and organic carbon come mainly from India, whereas sulfate comes mainly from China during the prevailing monsoon period.     

烧结烟气中污染物防治技术应用现状

介绍了烧结机头烟气中烟粉尘、重金属、SO_2、NO_x,以及二恶英的排放现状。分别从源头减排、过程控制、末端治理等三方面分析了污染防治技术的应用现状。根据烧结烟气多污染物排放特点及其防控需要,针对不同工艺,提出了4种多污染物联合防治技术路线,并分析了其优缺点。同时,对烧结烟气污染物治理的发展方向进行探讨,提出应对烧结烟气中细颗粒物与重金属的排放情况和防治技术做进一步研究。     

Patterns and dietary intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in food products in China

The health risk of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) to human being should be assessed regularly. To evaluate the contamination levels in various food products in the Chinese market and to assess the dietary exposure of the Chinese population, 11 varieties of food groups totaling 634 samples including beef and mutton, chicken and duck, pork, fish and seafood, milk and dairy products were evaluated. The average concentrations of PCDD/Fs in all groups ranged from 0.291 to 8.468 pg/g whole weight (w.w.). The average toxic equivalency concentrations were from 0.012 pg TEQ/g w.w. for cereal to 0.367 pg TEQ/g fat for marine oil. OCDD and 2,3,7,8-TCDF were the dominant congeners in foodstuffs. The dietary estimated mean intake for the Chinese rural and urban populations were 0.656 and 0.514 pg TEQ/kg body weight/day, respectively, however, the cereal group exposure were higher to the estimate daily intake and contributed 81% for rural and 48% for urban population, followed by fish and seafood which contributed 4% and 16% to the estimate daily intake. The estimated dietary intakes were compared with the toxicological reference values and showed that both rural and urban populations were well below those values.     

CS-EGDE/Fe3O4凝胶微球对水中重金属离子的吸附性能及机理研究

以壳聚糖为代表的天然生物质自身含有大量活性基团能选择性吸附重金属离子,为重金属废水的高效经济处理提供了可能.本实验以壳聚糖为基材,采用原位共沉淀法和乙二醇二缩水甘油醚(EGDE)交联法共同作用制得CS-EGDE/Fe_3O_4凝胶微球吸附剂,通过电子扫描显微镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线能谱(EDS)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、饱和磁强分析(VSM)对样品进行了充分表征.通过静态吸附批实验及模拟固定床动态吸附实验,较系统的考察了凝胶微球在不同初始pH、接触时间和初始浓度下对多元重金属Pb(II)、Cu(II)、Zn(II)的吸附性能.结果表明:①CS-EGDE/Fe_3O_4凝胶微球内部孔隙发达,具有良好的超顺磁性;②吸附剂能够快速与重金属离子发生螯合反应,主要作用基团为-NH_3和-OH,且对重金属离子吸附符合准二级动力学,吸附过程可用Langmuir等温吸附方程描述,为单层化学吸附;③在多元吸附体系中发生拮抗作用,重金属竞争吸附顺序为Pb(II)Cu(II)Zn(II),主要是3种离子共价指数的差异导致了这一结果;④固定床在多元重金属模拟废水处理中表现出良好的去除效能,对Pb(II)、Cu(II)、Zn(II)的饱和吸附时间分别为13、8、2 h.研究显示, CS-EGDE/Fe_3O_4凝胶微球对水中重金属离子具有良好的吸附性能,有望为重金属废水处理提供一种新的研究思路和技术路线.     

城市小区雨水利用的模拟分析

选取天津市某小区,采用美国环保署开发的SWMM模型,模拟得出小区在开发建设前后的区域出口流量过程线和总径流量,分析评价了蓄水池和下凹绿地对小区雨水径流情况的影响。计算满足建设用地外排雨水设计流量不大于开发建设前水平这一条件时,蓄水池的设计体积和下凹绿地的面积以及下凹深度。模拟结果表明,蓄水池和下凹绿地可同时消减洪峰,推...