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171.
172.
Key aspects of environmental management exist within a legislative framework. The Rivers and Foreshores Improvement Act 1948 (NSW) and several Regional Environmental Plans created under the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW) make reference to ‘the top of the bank’ for defining areas of protected land adjacent to rivers, within which development
consent may be required. It is an arbitrary term and its use within the Rivers and Foreshores Improvement Act 1948 (NSW) leads to confusion. This paper examines the range of definitions of ‘the top of the bank’ in respect of natural watercourses
and aims to provide a more lucid and effective definition that will clarify existing ambiguities in legal interpretation.
The paper examines the historical origins of the phrase ‘top of the bank’, finding that stereotyped Eurocentric views of what
a river ‘should look like’ have impaired the legal definition for Australian rivers, thereby influencing common law and the
development of statutory definitions. Judicial applications of the phrase ‘top of the bank’ are examined from a geomorphological
perspective, demonstrating the misconceptions of the term in a legal context. The paper identifies the existence of widespread
support for the need to protect land adjacent to rivers in the interests of environmental, economic and social sustainability.
It concludes by calling for legislative reform that is both tailored to the individual site and consistent with overarching
goals at the catchment scale. 相似文献
173.
This research was designed to address the potential for germination and growth effects in bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Bush Blue Lake) from hexavalent chromium in Orocol TL, a proprietary chromated, zinc-phosphate compound added to DOE cooling water systems for corrosion inhibition. Studies were conducted at low and high Orocol TL concentrations in the soil by adjusting soil pH and the percent of organic matter. Germination effects were determined for seeds germinated in soils adjusted to differing pH ranges (4–4.5, 5–5.5, and 6.5–7), levels of organic matter (1.8%, 3%, and 5%), and Orocol TL amendments (control of 0, 10, and 500 μg/g chromium). Growth responses (effects) were determined from plants cultured in the same soil treatment combinations as described for the germination study. High levels (500 μg/g) of hexavalent chromium in soil (as Orocol TL) affected germination and growth, while a high level of organic matter significantly reduced chromium toxicity on germination. At lower chromium concentrations there was significant uptake by all plant parts, with a corresponding reduction in biomass of leaves. Consequently, adjustments of soil pH from 4.0 to 7.0 appear to have no significant effect on chromium uptake in plants. Increasing the organic matter level to 5%, while decreasing the toxicity of high chromium levels to germinating seed, did not affect chromium uptake. 相似文献
174.
175.
Optimized contaminated land investigation at minimum overall cost to achieve fitness-for-purpose 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A methodology for optimized contaminated land investigation (OCLI) is described that balances the uncertainty of measurements against the cost of taking the measurements and the financial losses that may arise from misclassification of the land. Uncertainty from the sources of both field sampling and chemical analysis is estimated using existing techniques, based on the taking of duplicated samples. The actual costs of sampling and analysis and the expected costs that could arise from either 'false positive' or 'false negative' classification of areas of land were estimated. A loss function was constructed that calculates the expectation of financial loss that will arise for a given uncertainty of measurement. The function shows a clear minimum value of cost at an optimal value of uncertainty. Application of this OCLI technique to two case studies demonstrated this minimum value. Below the optimum value of uncertainty, the costs increased due to higher measurement costs. Above the optimum, the costs increased due to increasing risk of factors such as unnecessary remediation or potential litigation over undetected contamination. Many areas for further development of OCLI are identified, but the technique is demonstrated as a useful new approach to judging fitness-for-purpose of such measurements. 相似文献
176.
Monoclonal antibodies were developed against vitellogenin (vtg) of rainbow trout. This protein is used as a biochemical response to the exposure with estrogenic compounds. Several mice were immunized with purified vtg and the spleen cells of these mice were fused with myeloma cells. The resulting hybridoma cells were screened with an enzyme immunoassay for the production of specific anti-vtg antibodies. Twelve positive cell lines were detected. The hybridoma cell line B8D8 was adjusted to serum free medium; it produced monoclonal antibodies with a high selectivity and sensitivity. A detection limit of 5 microg/l vtg was achieved with a competitive enzyme immunoassay applying a preincubation step and a streptavidin-biotin amplification system (ABC system). Cross-reactivity with vtg of other species was detected with roach (Rutilus rutilus), flounder (Platichthys flesus) and dab (Limanda limanda). The assay was applied to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), which were exposed for six months to defined concentrations of effluents (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%) and surface water. Increased vtg levels in male fish are correlated with the increasing levels of effluent. The effluent levels in the exposure experiments are relevant for effluent loadings of the Berlin waterways during the seasons of the year. 相似文献
177.
Michelle L. Taylor Nina Wedell David J. Hosken 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(5):721-728
There is a current debate over the net fitness consequences of sexual selection. Do preferred males increase female fitness or are these males manipulating females for their own benefit? The evidence is mixed. Some studies find that mating with attractive males increases female fitness components, while others show that preferred males decrease measures of female fitness. In this study, we examined some of the fitness consequences of pre-copulatory sexual selection in Drosophila simulans. Virgin females were either paired with one male and given an opportunity for one copulation or were exposed simultaneously to two males. This allowed us to compare female preference (copulation latency) and fitness (longevity, lifetime productivity and rate of offspring production) both with and without the influence of male–male competition. When females had access to a single male, neither female longevity, productivity, nor short-term rate of productivity were associated with female preference, and although females mated more quickly with larger males, male size was also not associated with any female fitness measure. Inclusion of male–male competition showed that female longevity was negatively affected by preference, while productivity and rate of productivity was unaffected. This latter experiment also indicated that females preferred larger males, but again, male size was not associated with female fitness. These results indicate that females may not benefit from mating with preferred males, but they may incur survival costs. 相似文献
178.
179.
Laura Bouriaud Mariella Marzano Manfred Lexer Liviu Nichiforel Christopher Reyer Christian Temperli Heli Peltola Ché Elkin Gabriel Duduman Philip Taylor Stephen Bathgate Jose G. Borges Sandra Clerkx Jordi Garcia-Gonzalo Carlos Gracia Geerten Hengeveld Seppo Kellomäki Georgi Kostov Michael Maroschek Bart Muys Gert-Jan Nabuurs Bruce Nicoll Marc Palahí Werner Rammer Duncan Ray Mart-Jan Schelhaas Louise Sing Margarida Tomé Juergen Zell Marc Hanewinkel 《Regional Environmental Change》2015,15(8):1595-1609
180.
Bideh Negin Ziayee Mashhadi Neda Taylor Keith E. Biswas Nihar 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(28):37570-37579
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Widespread occurrence of various heterocyclic aromatic compounds is reported in concentrations from 1 to 20 μg/L in surface and groundwater as... 相似文献