微波无极紫外光催化降解茜素绿的性能研究及产物分析

以微波无极紫外灯为光源,P25型Ti O2为催化剂,研究了微波反应器中茜素绿(AG)的光催化降解性能,考察了染料初始浓度及p H对降解效率的影响,利用ESI电子喷雾质谱和离子色谱测定了茜素绿降解的中间产物,并对产物的可生化性进行了分析。结果表明,微波/紫外/二氧化钛体系拓宽了染料浓度和p H的适用范围。降解后生成了大量小分子物质,可生化性得到了大幅度的提高,BOD5/COD值从反应前的0.0959增加到了0.40。     

阳极氧化联合电-Fenton氧化深度处理垃圾渗滤液

采用多孔碳素阴极、Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5-IrO2阳极构建电化学氧化系统用于渗滤液的深度处理。研究结果表明,所构建的电化学氧化系统通过阳极氧化和电-Fenton氧化2种机制降解有机污染物;处理过程中阴极表面形成的沉淀物对TOC和COD的衰减也产生了影响。在阴极电位为-1.0 V、Fe2+初始浓度为0.5 mmol/L的条件下,电化学处理120 min获得了58%的TOC去除;处理480 min COD去除率为55%,NH3-N去除率为99%,TN去除率为60%,色度几乎被完全去除。GC-MS分析结果表明,渗滤液中以腐殖质类物质为主的有机化合物被降解为分子量相对较小的有机物,直至完全矿化。联合阳极氧化和电-Fenton氧化机制的电化学处理方法为垃圾渗滤液深度处理提供了新的选择。     

Occurrence of free estrogens,conjugated estrogens,and bisphenol A in fresh livestock excreta and their removal by composting in North China

An efficient pretreatment and analytical method was developed to investigate the occurrence and fate of four free estrogens (estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (17β-E2), estriol (E3), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2)), four conjugated estrogens (estrone-3-sulfate sodium salt (E1-3S), 17β-estradiol-3-sulfate sodium salt (E2-3S), estrone-3-glucuronide sodium salt (E1-3G), and 17β-estradiol-3-glucuronide sodium salt (E2-3G)), and bisphenol A (BPA) in three livestock farms raising beef cattle, cows, sheep, swine, and chickens in Qi County, which is located in North China. The results demonstrated that one cow and one beef cattle excreted 956.25–1,270.41 and 244.38–319.99 μg/day of total (free and conjugated) estrogen, respectively, primarily through feces (greater than 91 %), while swine excreted 260.09–289.99 μg/day of estrogens, primarily through urine (98–99 %). The total estrogen excreted in sheep and broiler chicken feces was calculated to be 21.64–28.67 and 4.62–5.40 μg/day, respectively. It was determined that conjugated estrogens contributed to 21.1–21.9 % of the total estrogen excreted in cow feces and more than 98 % of the total estrogen excreted in swine urine. After composting, the concentration of total estrogen decreased by 18.7–59.6 %; however, increased levels of BPA were measured. In treated compost samples, estrogens were detected at concentrations up to 74.0 ng/g, which indicates a potential risk of estrogens entering the surrounding environment.     

长江中游城市群综合发展水平时空分异研究

区域可持续发展理念已被社会各界所接收,并逐步深入到社会发展计划及区域政策制定中。以区域差异分析为基础的区域格局优化是促进区域发展的核心内容。从经济发展、资源利用、环境保护、人口与公共服务和科技创新等5个方面选取23个指标,构建其监测评估指标体系综合分析长江中游城市群综合发展水平时空格局演变,有助于认清长江中游城市群综合发展格局形成的过程,出现的问题及产生的原因,从而制定相应的区域调控政策,这对于促进长江中游城市群内部区域之间协调发展及推进中部崛起战略具有重要的现实意义。基于2005年和2011年长江中游城市群37个地级市的统计数据,借助SPSS、GIS软件,采用全局主成分分析法评价分析其综合发展水平及时空分异,并对其成因进行分析。结果表明：区域综合发展分值有所提升,但增长潜力仍然很大;发展水平差异显著,且两极分化趋势明显;整体呈现出以武汉和长沙为中心,以南昌、合肥为副中心发展格局,但中心城市带动作用较弱,制约各城市群发展的因素各异。因此,未来长江中游城市群应努力提升区域经济发展总量的同时,转变经济产业结构,加强企业创新能力,寻求新的经济增长点。与此同时,应加大基础设施尤其是道路交通的投资强度;充分利用已有的地理区位及资源、科技人才优势发展第二、三产业,提高经济发展中资源的利用效率,降低能耗,保护环境;除此之外,还应加强区域宏观调控,注重城乡统筹发展,协调、平衡区域内部均衡发展,缩小区域之间及内部差异,促进技术转移和优势互补     

基于HHT的三峡水库蓄水后坝下游水情多尺度时频特征

利用基于噪声辅助经验模态分解（EEMD）的改进型希尔伯特-黄变换（HHT）,对三峡蓄水后8 a的三峡日入库、出库流量和坝下各水文站日水情信号进行多尺度时频分析,并与连续小波和离散小波变换进行异同性比较。结果表明,三峡蓄水后2004～2011年三峡日入库、出库流量和宜昌、大通站日径流量均具显著的1 a尺度主周期振荡规律,三峡季节性调蓄对坝下流量1 a尺度的主周期振荡规律无显著影响。三峡蓄水后河口北支江水位的半月主周期振荡特征始终占主导地位,表明三峡调蓄影响下上游来水量变化对河口北支水位波动的影响权重小于河口自身海潮波动的影响权重。与离散小波变换固定频带下的信号分解比较,基于HHT的水文信号多尺度分解有更好的自适应性;与连续小波变换比较,HHT方法在水文信号高频部分周期振荡特征的揭示和频域混叠现象的避免方面更具优势     

四湖地区地下水“三氮”含量及时空分布特征分析

在4次地下水水质监测的基础上,对潜水和浅层承压水的“三氮”含量进行了季节变化和空间差异分析,同时探讨了时空变化的影响因素。分析结果表明：（1）地下水氨氮浓度超标率较高,承压水中浓度明显高于潜水,4次采样结果承压水氨氮浓度超标率均在50% 以上;（2）硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮含量在承压水中能达到良好的标准,在潜水中超标率高;（3）氨氮浓度季节变化明显,9月份浓度显著高于4、6和11月。硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮在潜水中6月份浓度最高,在承压水中季节变化不明显;（4）地下水氨氮含量空间变异性强,浓度较高的多集中在流经洪湖的内荆河两侧区域。研究区地下水水质受气象因素、农业活动、农村生活污染以及氧化还原环境的综合影响     

覆盖旱作水稻的生物效应及吸氮特征

研究了田间条件下旱作水稻半腐解秸秆覆盖、蚕豆秆覆盖、地膜覆盖、纸膜覆盖、生稻草覆盖 5种覆盖方式的吸氮特征 ;水稻水作与旱作的产量及其构成因素 ;水稻水作与旱作条件下灌溉水的利用效率。结果表明 ,旱作条件下水稻各部位的含氮量均大于水作 ;旱作水稻的氮素吸收、累积主要在拔节期以后 ,而水作水稻从移栽后就大量吸收氮素 ,灌浆期后很少吸收氮素 ;旱作水稻的产量以半腐解覆盖处理的最高 ,为 8415kg/hm2 ;旱作水稻耗水量只占水作耗水量的 7 14% ,旱作水稻的水分利用效率是水作的 12倍以上     

Residue analysis of acephate and its metabolite methamidophos in open field and greenhouse pakchoi (Brassica campestris L.) by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

To analysze the dynamic degradation and final residues of acephate and its metabolite methamidophos, field-experiments with pakchoi (Brassica campestris L.) in open field and greenhouse were carried out in Beijing, China in 2004 and 2005. The degradation dynamics and final residues were determined by gas chromatography (GC) equipped with a pulsed flame photometric detector and GC coupled to mass spectrometry (MS)/MS after acephate was applied on open field and green house pakchoi (B. campestris L.). The dynamic degradation results showed that the half-lives of acephate and methamidophos in open field pakchoi were 1.36 days with dynamic degradation equation C _t ?=?133.01e^???0.5107t , and 2.86 days with C _t ?=?6.5753e^???0.2422t , respectively. While the half-lives of acephate and methamidophos in the greenhouse were 1.07 days with C _t ?=?59.134e^???0.4353t and 0.79 days with C _t ?=?0.2703e^???0.2595t , respectively. The final residue analysis demonstrated that >50% of total methamidophos were resulted from the degradation of acephate 7 and 18 days after it was applied on the greenhouse pakchoi, respectively. While in the open-field pakchoi, >90% of total methamidophos was found to be the metabolite of acephate.     

Cadmium accumulation characteristics of the winter farmland weeds Cardamine hirsuta Linn. and Gnaphalium affine D. Don

In a preliminary study, we found that the cadmium (Cd) concentrations in shoots of the winter farmland weeds Cardamine hirsuta Linn. and Gnaphalium affine D. Don exceeded the critical value of a Cd-hyperaccumulator (100 mg kg^?1), indicating that these two farmland weeds might be Cd-hyperaccumulators. In this study, we grew these species in soil containing various concentrations of Cd to further evaluate their Cd accumulation characteristics. The biomasses of C. hirsuta and G. affine decreased with increasing Cd concentrations in the soil, while the root/shoot ratio and the Cd concentrations in shoot tissues increased. The Cd concentrations in shoots of C. hirsuta and G. affine reached 121.96 and 143.91 mg kg^?1, respectively, at the soil Cd concentration of 50 mg kg^?1. Both of these concentrations exceeded the critical value of a Cd-hyperaccumulator (100 mg kg^?1). The shoot bioconcentration factors of C. hirsuta and G. affine were greater than 1. The translocation factor of C. hirsuta was less than 1 and that of G. affine was greater than 1. These findings indicated that C. hirsuta is a Cd-accumulator and G. affine is Cd-hyperaccumulator. Both plants are distributed widely in the field, and they could be used to remediate Cd-contaminated farmland soil in winter.