好氧颗粒污泥及其高效菌株降解苯胺的试验研究

以苯胺为唯一碳源和氮源,培养降解高浓度苯胺废水的好氧颗粒污泥,该体系对苯胺废水的最高耐受浓度高达6 000mg/L.通过分离纯化,从颗粒污泥体系中获得2株具有不同降解特征的苯胺降解菌adx1和adx3,菌株adx1在降解速率上具有明显优势,而菌株adx3对苯胺的最高耐受浓度高于adx1.上述菌株在降解苯胺过程中均遵循Haldane动力学模型,菌株adx1和adx3的最大比较降解速率分别为0.924 g/(g.h)和0.645 g/(g.h),比生长速率分别为0.487 g/(g.h)和0.440 g/(g.h).16S rDNA测序结果表明adx1和adx3分别属于Pseudomonas和Achromobacter属,与好氧颗粒污泥PCR-DGGE指纹图条带1和4测序结果一致,表明上述菌株分别为好氧颗粒化体系中优势菌群之一.     

含孤石土质边坡稳定性及破坏特征的数值分析*

为探究花岗岩风化形成的风化球孤石对边坡稳定性及破坏特征的影响,利用摄影测量和数字图像处理技术,对大量的孤石进行拍照及处理,建立大量具有各种形状的孤石模型,从所建立的孤石模型中选取具有不同形状参数的孤石,将其导入ABAQUS软件,建立含有孤石的边坡模型,进行有限元强度折减分析。结果表明:孤石的位置和大小会对边坡的安全系数产生规律性影响,而孤石的形状对边坡安全系数的影响表现出不确定性;孤石对边坡破坏特征产生影响,塑性应变区发展过程及位移场分布在孤石处与均质边坡相比均有较大变化。     

火灾环境下钢结构力学响应行为研究回溯与前瞻

火灾环境下高温对结构钢材的力学性能具有显著的不利影响.通常钢材在200～400℃的温度下力学性能开始下降,在800℃以上几乎丧失所有的强度.火灾环境下的钢结构力学响应行为是钢结构抗火设计的前提.为了展示火灾环境下钢结构的力学响应研究的清晰脉络,首先综述了火灾环境工况加载、钢结构升温规律的研究文献,然后从钢的耐火性能分析开始,评述了钢结构形式对耐火性能的影响和热作用下的结构变形研究.研究表明:若采用ISO 834标准升温曲线作为热加载方式,钢结构的升温规律和力学响应行为与真实火灾场景下相比差异显著,在标准火下钢的抗火时间更长;钢结构在火灾环境下的热应变随温度升高而增大,最终导致屈曲和过度挠度;当温度超过400℃时,高温蠕变会加速结构的失效;试验和数值模拟方法能很好地预测钢结构在真实火灾环境下的温升规律;较为真实地表征钢结构的不均匀力学响应行为,首先需要加载真实的火灾工况,同时要充分考虑钢结构形式,并耦合运用工程热物理、力学相关工具和方法;钢附着可燃材料燃烧的热反馈及相应的力学响应行为是钢结构抗火研究的新问题,针对该问题需要建立科学的热-力耦合工程定量测试方法.     

基于事故树的空中交通管制员情景意识分析

为更系统地研究管制员的情景意识,找出导致管制员情景意识丧失的主要因素,运用事故树分析法、采用自上而下的方式对管制员情景意识丧失的原因进行逐层分析,建立管制员情景意识丧失事故树模型。通过进一步计算事故树的最小割集和各基本事件的结构重要度,计算各基本事件的结构重要度系数,对比得出情景意识丧失的各个基本事件的重要程度及各事件之间的关系。结果表明,造成情景意识丧失事故的主要原因是轮班制度不合理、睡眠效率低及对特情不熟悉、飞行冲突预判能力弱。     

油田修井作业井场安全照明灯

油田修井作业井场传统的照明灯,一般是交流220 V大功率白炽灯泡或普通探照灯,这种传统的照明灯,为油田的修井作业井场照明发挥了作用,但其存在着亮度差、照射方位及角度有限、移动不便、安全性能差和耗电大的缺陷.     

1株扑热息痛降解新菌株的选育及其代谢特性研究

通过选择性富集培养,从活性污泥样品中选育到1株能以扑热息痛为唯一碳源生长的好氧细菌F1.根据菌株F1的形态特征、生理生化特性、16S rRNA基因序列分析及和Biolog测试,初步鉴定为亲铜(Cupriavidus necator)菌属.菌株F1降解扑热息痛最适pH值和温度分别为7.0和30℃;菌株降解扑热息痛的过程遵...     

小白菜对猪粪中高Cu和Zn的富集与转运

近年来,规模化养猪中Cu和Zn广泛应用于饲料添加剂,导致猪粪含大量的cu和Zn.猪粪土地利用中高Cu和Zn导致的环境污染和植物效应已引起了人们的高度关注.研究高Cu和Zn的猪粪施入土壤后典型蔬菜对Cu和Zn的富集和转运,可为有机蔬菜安全生产和品质提高提供科学依据,对粪便中重金属的健康风险评价具有重要的参考价值.本研究以...     

地下环境中Fe2+对硝基苯的还原衰减作用模拟研究

研究了地下环境中的Fe2+对硝基苯(NB)的还原衰减作用,模拟了Fe2+还原硝基苯的过程及不同硬度、CO32-、SO42-、NO3-、Cl-等地下水化学组成对反应的影响,目的是阐明Fe2+还原硝基苯的机制及水化学组成对反应影响的原因.结果表明,在温度为10℃、pH为6.8的条件下,Fe2+和硝基苯浓度皆对其还原衰减有影...     

Evaluation of the infectivity, gene and antigenicity persistence of rotaviruses by free chlorine disinfection

The effects of free chlorine disinfection of tap water and wastewater effluents on the infectivity, gene integrity and surface antigens of rotaviruses were evaluated by a bench-scale chlorine disinfection experiments. Plaque assays, integrated cell culture-quantitative RT-PCR (ICC-RT-qPCR), RT-qPCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), respectively, were used to assess the influence of the disinfectant on virus infectivity as well as genetic and antigenic integrity of simian rotavirus SA11 as a surrogate for human rotaviruses. The ICC-RT-qPCR was able to detect rotaviruses survival from chlorine disinfection at chlorine dose up to 20 mg/L (60 min contact), which suggested a required chlorine dose of 5 folds (from 1 to 5 mg/L) higher than that indicated by the plaque assay to achieve 1.8 log₁₀ reductions in tap water with 60 min exposing. The VP7 gene was more resistant than the infectivity and existed at chlorine dose up to 20 mg/L (60 min contact), while the antigencity was undetectable with chlorine dose more than 5 mg/L (60 min contact). The water quality also impacted the inactivation efficiencies, and rotaviruses have a relatively higher resistant in secondary effluents than in the tap water under the same chlorine disinfection treatments. This study indicated that rotaviruses have a higher infectivity, gene and antigencity resistance to chlorine than that previously indicated by plaque assay only, which seemed to underestimate the resistance of rotaviruses to chlorine and the risk of rotaviruses in environments. Present results also suggested that re-evaluation of resistance of other waterborne viruses after disinfections by more sensitive infectivity detection method (such as ICC-RT-qPCR) may be necessary, to determine the adequate disinfectant doses required for the inactivation of waterborne viruses.     

Seedling growth and metal accumulation of selected woody species in copper and lead/zinc mine tailings

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of selected woody plants for revegetation in copper (Cu) and lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailing areas. Five woody species (Amorpha fruticosa Linn, Vitex trifolia Linn: var. simplicifolia Cham, Glochidion puberum (Linn.) Hutch, Broussonetia papyrifera, and Styrax tonkinensis) and one herbaceous species (Sesbania cannabina Pers) were planted in Cu and Pb/Zn tailings to assess their growth, root morphology, nutrition uptake, metal accumulation, and translocation in plants. Amorpha fruticosa maintained normal growth, while the other species demonstrated stress related growth and root development. Sesbania cannabina showed the highest biomass among the plants, although it decreased by 30% in Cu tailings and 40% in Pb/Zn tailings. Calculated tolerance index (TI) values suggested that A. fruticosa, an N-fixing shrub, was the most tolerant species to both tailings (TI values 0.92–1.01), while S. cannabina had a moderate TI of 0.65–0.81 and B. papyrifera was the most sensitive species, especially to Pb/Zn tailings (TI values 0.15–0.19). Despite the high concentrations of heavy metals in the mine tailings and plants roots, only a small transfer of these elements to the aboveground parts of the woody plants was evident from the low translocation factor (TF) values. Among the woody plants, V. trifolia var. simplicifolia had the highest TF values for Zn (1.32), Cu (0.78), and Pb/Zn (0.78). The results suggested that A. fruticosa and S. cannabina, which have the highest tolerance and biomass production, respectively, demonstrated the potential for tailings revegetation in southern China.