鲍鱼对2种多环芳烃的富集动力学研究

为探究多环芳烃(PAHs)在海洋生物体内富集过程,选择皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)作为受试生物,应用半静态双箱动力学模型,分别考察了3-甲基菲和9,10-甲基蒽2种多环芳烃在皱纹盘鲍体内的富集动力学过程,通过非线性拟合获得鲍鱼对2种多环芳烃的吸收速率常数(K_1)、释放速率常数(K_2)、生物富集因子(BCF),以及平衡状态下鲍鱼体内2种多环芳烃的含量(Cmax)、生物学半衰期(t_(1/2))等动力学参数。结果表明,鲍鱼对9,10-甲基蒽富集动力学参数K_1、K_2、BCF、Cmax、t_(1/2)的平均值分别为4.9437、0.406、13.59、790.03μg·L~(-1)、3.78 d。鲍鱼对3-甲基菲富集动力学参数K_1、K_2、BCF、Cmax、t_(1/2)的平均值分别为2.3023、0.367、5.97、354.37μg·L~(-1)、3.13 d。鲍鱼在不同浓度下对3-甲基菲和9,10-甲基蒽的生物富集过程均符合双箱动力学模型。     

农用地土壤重金属生态安全阈值确定方法的研究进展

农用地土壤重金属生态安全阈值作为农用地土壤环境质量基准制定的重要依据,近年来随着多学科的共同发展,农用地土壤重金属生态安全阈值的确定方法变得越来越完善,但目前对其的研究综述却鲜见报道。因此,文章综述了农用地土壤重金属生态安全阈值的确定方法,详细阐述了点模型、概率模型以及经验模型中的代表方法在确定农用地土壤重金属生态安全阈值方面的概念、原理、发展及应用,并深入探讨了各方法的适用情况和优缺点,系统分析了各方法在确定农用地土壤重金属生态安全阈值时的不确定性及影响因素,最后在前人的研究基础上提出了今后的主要发展方向,以期为我国农用地土壤环境质量标准的完善与细化及农用地土壤其他污染物生态安全阈值的确定提供参考依据。     

PM10浓度及微观特征季节分布分析--以乌鲁木齐天山区2004年为例

利用2004年乌鲁木齐城区(以天山区为例)PM10日平均浓度和气象要素观测资料,对不同季节PM10浓度变化特征、不同级别污染日数进行统计分析.同时,结合环境扫描电镜/X射线能谱(ESEM-EDX)对不同季节的颗粒物的形貌及来源进行了初步探讨。结果表明2004年PM10浓度变化为:冬季>秋季>春季>夏季;冬季出现4级以上污染日数最多,占39.5%;夏季最为洁净,好于2级的日数占到76.1%.PM10和气象因子的相关分析表明浓度与风速成正比,与降水成反比,与温度,相对湿度和逆温层厚度相关比较复杂,有时成正相关,有时呈负相关。颗粒物的形貌在不同季节特征明显,冬季颗粒物多呈圆球形,春季形貌不规则,夏季既有圆球形又有不规则形貌的颗粒,而秋季颗粒物多呈链状.     

Identification of sources,characteristics and photochemical transformations of dissolved organic matter with EEM-PARAFAC in the Wei River of China

• The source of DOM in surface water and sediment is inconsistent. • The DOC content changes differently in surface water and sediment. • The content of DOC in the surface water is lower than that in the sediment. • The DOM in the surface water had higher photodegradation potentials than sediment. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in rivers is a critical regulator of the cycling and toxicity of pollutants and the behavior of DOM is a key indicator for the health of the environment. We investigated the sources and characteristics of DOM in surface water and sediment samples of the Wei River, China. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV₂₅₄) increased in the surface water and were decreased in the sediment downstream, indicating that the source of DOM in the water differed from the sediment. Parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis of the excitation-emission matrices (EEM) revealed the presence of terrestrial humus-like, microbial humus-like and tryptophan-like proteins in the surface water, whereas the sediment contained UVA humic-like, UVC humic-like and fulvic-like in the sediment. The DOM in the surface water and sediment were mainly derived from microbial metabolic activity and the surrounding soil. Surface water DOM displayed greater photodegradation potential than sediment DOM. PARAFAC analysis indicated that the terrestrial humic-like substance in the water and the fulvic-like component in the sediment decomposed more rapidly. These data describe the characteristics of DOM in the Wei River and are crucial to understanding the fluctuations in environmental patterns.     

Hydrologic and water quality performance of a laboratory scale bioretention unit

A bioretention unit (BRU) or cell is a green infrastructure practice that is widely used as a low impact development (LID) technique for urban stormwater management. Bioretention is considered a good fit for use in China’s sponge city construction projects. However, studies on bioretention design, which incorporates site-specific environmental and social-economic conditions in China are still very much needed. In this study, an experimental BRU, consisted of two cells planted with Turf grass and Buxus sinica,was tested with eighteen synthesized storm events. Three levels (high, median, low) of flows and concentrations of pollutants (TN, TP and COD) were fed to the BRU and the performance of which was examined. The results showed that the BRU not only delayed and lowered the peak flows but also removed TN, TP and COD in various ways and to different extents. Under the high, medium and low inflow rate conditions, the outflow peaks were delayed for at least 13 minutes and lowered at least 52%. The two cells stored a maximum of 231 mm and 265 mm for turf grass and Buxus sinica, respectively. For both cells the total depth available for storage was 1,220 mm, including a maximum 110 mm deep ponding area. The largest infiltrate rate was 206 mm/h for both cells with different plants. For the eighteen events, TP and COD were removed at least 60% and 42% by mean concentration, and 65% and 49% by total load, respectively. In the reservoir layer, the efficiency ratio of removal of TN, TP and COD were 52%, 8% and 38%, respectively, within 5 days after runoff events stopped. Furthermore, the engineering implication of the hydrological and water quality performances in sponge city construction projects is discussed.

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HHMHC对Cu2+、Ni2+的萃取性能

以对羟基苯甲酸为原料,通过化学修饰合成得到上沿羧基化的杯[6]芳烃羟肟衍生物,即5,11,17,23,29,35-六羧基-37,38,39,40,41,42-六羟肟酸甲氧基杯[6]芳烃(HHMHC),采用IR对其结构性能进行表征,并探讨了溶液初始pH值、初始重金属离子(Cu2+、Ni2+)浓度、萃取时间、温度等因素对HHMHC萃取重金属离子的影响.结果表明,在温度为30℃时HHMHC萃取Ni2+和Cu2+的最佳pH值分别为5.0、6.0,萃取平衡时间均为30min.用准二级动力学模型(R2>0.99)和Freundlich等温模型(R2>0.999)均可较好的拟合其萃取过程,通过计算萃取过程的热力学参数,得到Gibbs自由能(ΔG0)和焓变(ΔH0)均小于0,表明萃取反应是一个自发的放热反应.通过红外光谱图分析和考察溶液pH值对萃取分配比的影响,探讨HHMHC萃取Cu2+、Ni2+的机理,结果表明此萃取过程除了存在阳离子交换机理外,还存在与冠醚萃取相同的离子配位萃取,参与配位作用的主要是羟肟基团(–CONHOH).     

太湖不同营养水平湖区汞的形态和分布特征

为研究富营养化对太湖汞形态分布特征的影响,于2011年水华暴发期,在太湖不同营养水平湖区(竺山湾、贡湖湾及南太湖)采集水样,测定了水体中THg(总汞)、DHg(溶解态总汞)、RHg(活性汞)、TMeHg(总甲基汞)、DMeHg(溶解态甲基汞)的质量浓度及其分布特征. 结果表明,太湖不同营养水平湖区水体中ρ(THg)和ρ(DHg)无显著差异,ρ(THg)为4.67~12.15 ng/L,ρ(DHg)为2.27~10.36 ng/L. 太湖水体中ρ(RHg)平均值为0.79 ng/L,藻类的生长对水体中ρ(RHg)的分布有显著影响,水体营养水平越高,ρ(RHg)越低. 水体中ρ(TMeHg)和ρ(DMeHg)分别为0.10~0.27和0.09~0.23 ng/L,藻类的吸附及水体中较高的E_h(氧化还原电位)和pH抑制了汞的甲基化,但在富营养化较严重的竺山湾,受藻类生长及水华的影响,水体中ρ(TMeHg)(0.22 ng/L)仍相对较高.      

线性扫描溶出伏安法同时测定水样中铅镉铜锌

通过多壁碳纳米管-Nafion复合膜修饰电极,建立水样中痕量铅、镉、铜、锌同时测定的线性扫描溶出伏安分析法,优化支持电解质及pH值、修饰剂用量、富集电位及时间等测定条件。实验结果表明,在pH 4.0的NaAc-HAc缓冲液中,-1.20V富集5min后,在电位-1.04V、-0.72V、-0.45V及-0.16V附近分别产生锌、镉、铅、铜的灵敏溶出峰,测定各元素的线性关系良好,相对标准偏差均小于5.4%。该法已成功应用于实际水样中痕量铅、镉、铜、锌的同时测定,加标回收率在93.3%~106.7%之间,结果满意。     

Anaerobic digestion of chicken feather with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge for biogas production

Biogas production from anaerobic digestion of chicken feathers with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge was assessed in two separate experiments. Ground feathers without any pre-treatment were added to 42-L digesters inoculated with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge, representing 37% and 23% of total solids, respectively and incubated at 25 °C in batch mode. Compared to the control without feather addition, total CH₄ production increased by 130% (P < 0.001) and 110% (P = 0.09) in the swine manure and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters, respectively. Mixed liquor NH₄N concentration increased (P < 0.001) from 4.8 and 3.1 g/L at the beginning of the digestion to 6.9 and 3.5 g/L at the end of digestion in the swine manure and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters, respectively. The fraction of proteolytic microorganisms increased (P < 0.001) during the digestion from 12.5% to 14.5% and 11.3% to 13.0% in the swine manure and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters with feather addition, respectively, but decreased in the controls. These results are reflective of feather digestion. Feather addition did not affect CH₄ yields of the swine manure digesters (P = 0.082) and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters (P = 0.21), indicating that feathers can be digested together with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge without negatively affecting the digestion of swine manure and slaughterhouse sludge.     

硫酸盐对医药化工废水厌氧系统运行稳定性的影响

以获得硫酸盐还原能力的厌氧装置为研究对象,研究进水中不同硫酸盐浓度对厌氧反应器的运行效果的影响。试验结果表明:硫酸盐添加量为300 mg/L时,厌氧反应器出水COD浓度最低,COD去除率为76.1%,同时厌氧反应器出水中VFA的浓度最低;在硫酸盐添加量为400 mg/L时,此条件下获得产甲烷量最高,达240~260 mL/g;出水硫化氢浓度则随着硫酸盐添加量的增加而增加。在500 m3的UASB反应器内进行连续厌氧处理试验,结果表明添加硫酸盐后厌氧反应器的运行情况稳定。