Monitoring bacterial community structure and variability in time scale in full-scale anaerobic digesters

Using a high-throughput pyrosequencing technology, this study assessed bacterial community structure and time-scale variability in great detail in seven full-scale anaerobic digesters operated variously in terms of influent substrate, digestion temperature, and reactor configuration. Pyrosequencing generated a total of 83,774 sequence reads from 40 digester sludge samples collected monthly for six months. The highest number of sequence reads were detected within Proteobacteria (20.5%), followed by those within Bacteroidetes (19.7%), Firmicutes (17.8%), and Chloroflexi (4.8%). The relative composition of bacterial populations was varied within the digesters as well as between the digesters, and the bacterial community structures were mainly influenced by digestion temperature. Detailed bacterial community structures were assessed by analyzing the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) based on 97% sequence similarity, which resulted in a total of 9051 OTUs. Among these, a total of 31 core OTUs were analyzed and inferred phylogenetically, which enabled us to classify the sequences within an unclassified phylum. Unclassified sequences were mostly affiliated with the sequences within Spirochaetes and Firmicutes. Interestingly, numerically dominant novel phylotypes (18% of the total sequence reads) presumably involved in anaerobic digestion within Spirochaetes were identified. Temporal variability was further explored using a non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination which demonstrated that the variability of the bacterial community within the digesters was smaller than between digesters. Correlation analysis demonstrated that digester performance and operational conditions affected the pattern of bacterial community in the ordination. Additionally, a multi-response permutation procedure revealed that the bacterial communities within the digesters were more similar than those belonging to other digesters statistically, demonstrating a patchiness of the digesters in the distribution of bacterial populations. Overall, this study revealed the correlation of bacterial community structure and time-scale variability with digester performance and operating conditions.     

Concentrations of As, Be, Cr, Hg, Mn, and Ni in ambient air at four urban locations in Japan

The metal concentrations of As, Be, Cr, Hg, Mn, and Ni in ambient air were measured at four sites in Japan from October 1997 to March 2006. The mean metal concentration data measured from the four sites (K1, K2, M, and Y) are found on the order of Mn > Cr–Ni > As > Hg > Be. The concentrations of Mn with the highest mean value were fairly variable across four sites such as 45.9 ± 42.8 (K1), 25.6 ± 19.4 (K2), 22.5 ± 19.7 (M), and 25.4 ± 19.8 ng m^???3 (Y). In contrast, the concentrations of Be with the lowest mean value were less variable across four sites with means of 0.03 to 0.04 ng m^???3. Inspection of the seasonal patterns indicates the peak occurrence of most metals during spring, although relative dominance during winter is seen at the most polluted area (K1). Evaluation of long-term patterns indicates that the noticeably high values of metals in the early stage of study reduced gradually across the years, although the metal concentration levels in most areas were affected significantly by anthropogenic activities. However, efforts to control pollution levels seemed to gradually contribute to a decrease in metal concentration levels of all study sites through the years.     

Removing arsenic from groundwater in Cambodia using high performance iron adsorbent

In Cambodia, groundwater has been contaminated with arsenic, and purification of the water is an urgent issue. From 2010 to 2012, an international collaborative project between Japan and Cambodia for developing arsenic-removing technology from well water was conducted and supported by the foundation of New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Japan. Quality of well water was surveyed in Kandal, Prey Veng, and Kampong Cham Provinces, and a monitoring trial of the arsenic removal equipment using our patented amorphous iron (hydr)oxide adsorbent was performed. Of the 37 wells surveyed, arsenic concentration of 24 exceeded the Cambodian guideline value (50 μg L^?1), and those of 27 exceeded the WHO guideline for drinking water (10 μg L^?1). Levels of arsenic were extremely high in some wells (>1,000–6,000 μg L^?1), suggesting that arsenic pollution of groundwater is serious in these areas. Based on the survey results, 16 arsenic removal equipments were installed in six schools, three temples, two health centers, four private houses, and one commune office. Over 10 months of monitoring, the average arsenic concentrations of the treated water were between 0 and 10 μg L^?1 at four locations, 10–50 μg L^?1 at eight locations, and >50 μg L^?1 at four locations. The arsenic removal rate ranged in 83.1–99.7 %, with an average of 93.8 %, indicating that the arsenic removal equipment greatly lower the risk of arsenic exposure to the residents. Results of the field trial showed that As concentration of the treated water could be reduced to <10 µg L^?1 by managing the As removal equipment properly, suggesting that the amorphous iron (hydr)oxide adsorbent has high adsorbing capacity for As not only in the laboratory environment but also in the field condition. This is one of the succeeding As removal techniques that could reduce As concentration of water below the WHO guideline value for As in situ.     

基于InVEST模型的秦岭山地土壤流失及土壤保持生态效益评价

为了解秦岭山地土壤侵蚀及土壤保持生态服务功能的空间分布特征,采用InVEST 土壤保持模型,从研究区、流域、县域3个尺度,对其潜在与实际土壤侵蚀量进行计算,在此基础上进一步应用该模型量化研究区土壤保持生态服务价值,得到土壤保持服务价值空间分布图。研究结果表明：（1）2012年秦岭山地潜在与实际土壤侵蚀量分别为4588×108 t、152×108 t,五大流域和各县区以轻度侵蚀和中度侵蚀为主,较为严重的地区为汉江流域南部紫阳县6323 t/(hm2[DK]·a)[JP2]和岚皋县5869 t/(hm2[DK]·a),属强烈侵蚀。（2）全区土壤保持总量4337×108 t,[JP]其中泥沙持留量143×108 t,单位面积土壤保持量为71979 t/(hm2[DK]·a);减少泥沙疏浚工程和水质治理花费的土壤保持服务价值共计4184亿元。各县区土壤保持服务价值量在001亿元至475亿元不等,价值量在096~191亿元之间的县区占全区的4413%,其次为191~285亿元（2522%）。（3）对于秦岭山地土壤侵蚀的防治及其生态效益的建设,保证林地面积的绝对优势是首要条件;对于大于25°的坡耕地,应继续推行还林还草政策     

Analysis on biochemical methane potential of agricultural byproducts with different types of silage storage

The aim of this work is to estimate biogas production by anaerobic digestion of agricultural byproduct silage at the low carbon green village in South Korea. The composition of agricultural byproduct from hot pepper farms was analyzed and it was found to be favorable with anaerobic digestion. In the cases of silage materials, the theoretical methane potentials of all of the ensiled materials were increased with silage storage having an increased range from 103 to 120 % compared to that without ensiling. The biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests showed that the ultimate methane potential of ensiled material was measured to be higher than that of raw material without silage storage, while the first order hydrolysis constant was lower. All of the silage materials containing microbial additives used in this study showed higher ultimate methane potentials and first order hydrolysis constants than raw material and silage material without additives. The change of ultimate methane potential was analyzed over time, and all of the test materials, except Day 2, showed higher ultimate methane potential than raw material, Day 0, and the highest was found on Day 40.     

废聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料的催化裂解

为了对废聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料（WPS）资源化利用,通过对WPS进行催化裂解的方法,研究了催化剂种类和裂解温度对裂解时间、裂解油产率、苯乙烯回收率以及裂解油纯度的影响。研究结果表明,催化剂种类和裂解温度对裂解反应有着重要影响。裂解温度升高,裂解油产率提高,裂解时间缩短,但苯乙烯选择性下降;低于380 ℃时,氧化钙的裂解油产率和裂解时间优于氧化铝和氯化铝,但苯乙烯的选择性劣于氧化铝和氯化铝;高于400 ℃时,氯化铝、氧化铝和氧化钙的催化活性接近。在实验条件下,WPS催化裂解的最佳催化剂为氯化铝,380 ℃下的裂解时间为25 min,裂解油产率为85.48%,裂解油中苯乙烯含量为80.66%（w）,且副产物较少。     

蔗渣发酵生产L-乳酸

酶解是纤维质原料用于生物发酵前的关键步骤。为了找到一种高效、低成本和低能耗的蔗渣酶解工艺,本实验研究了蔗渣酶解的底物浓度、pH、酶用量、温度、时间对蔗渣酶解后还原糖释放量的影响,并对酶解的3个主要因素——温度、pH和酶量进行正交实验分析,最终得到蔗渣浓度为8%,酶液6.9 mL,在温度43.9℃、pH为4.3条件下糖化时间14h,还原糖浓度可达54 g/L以上。将糖化液用于发酵实验,发现干酪乳杆菌N-2在酶解液培养基中45℃发酵120 h乳酸产量达到32.5 g/L;对代谢产物进行高效液相分析发现发酵产物为乳酸,几乎没有其他副产物产生。     

Occurrence and sources of antibiotics and their metabolites in river water, WWTPs, and swine wastewater in Jiulongjiang River basin, south China

In this study, the occurrence and sources of five cataloged antibiotics and metabolites were studied in Jiulongjiang River basin, south China. Nineteen antibiotics and 13 metabolites were detected in water samples from 16 river sampling sites, wastewater from 5 swine-raising facilities, and effluent from 5 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The results showed that 12 antibiotics and 6 metabolites were detected in river water samples. Sulfonamides (SAs) and their metabolites were detected at high concentrations (8.59–158.94 ng/L). Tetracyclines (TCs) and their metabolites were frequently detected in swine wastewater, and the maximum concentration was up to the level in milligram per liter. Macrolides (MLs) and β-lactams (β-Ls) were found in all WWTP effluent samples and some river samples, while they were never found in any of the swine wastewater samples. SAs and quinolones (QNs) were detected in all samples. Hierarchical cluster analysis of 16 surface water samples was applied to achieve the spatial distribution characteristics of antibiotics in the Jiulongjiang River. As a result, two categories were obviously obtained. Principal component analysis and redundancy analysis showed that TCs and SAs as well as their metabolites were the major antibiotics in Jiulongjiang River, and they mainly originated from swine wastewater, while the QNs, MLs, and β-Ls in the Jiulongjiang River came from WWTP effluent.     

超重力-磷酸钠法脱除低浓度SO2

为开发脱硫率高、成本低、可回收SO2的脱硫技术,以旋转填料床为吸收设备,磷酸钠溶液为吸收剂,系统开展了液气比L／G、转速N、气体中SO2浓度CSO2,in吸收剂磷酸浓度CL和初始pH等工艺参数和溶液再生循环次数对脱硫率叼影响的实验研究。结果表明,叩随L／G、N、CL和初始pH的增加而增大,且它们的值越低时,叩增加越明显;受G和CSO2,in影响较小。在适宜操作条件下,脱硫率达99％以上,出口SO2浓度低于100mg／m^3。磷酸钠溶液可再生循环使用,脱硫率稳定在99％以上。表明超重力-磷酸钠法脱硫技术在小的液气比下即可达到高的脱硫率,吸收剂循环使用,可实现低成本并达标治理SO2废气,且适用范围宽,具有良好的工业应用前景。     

原位帽封材料对水体中Pb(Ⅱ)与Cd(Ⅱ)静态吸附

用无纺布包裹珊瑚和丙烯酸树脂制成帽封材料,将底泥中重金属离子原位固定的同时吸附水体中的重金属离子pb2和Cd2.通过红外光谱,电镜扫描和火焰原子吸收仪器来分析该帽封材料的吸附性能.通过改变pH值,吸附剂投放量来检测其吸附效果.结果表明,该帽封材料在pH等于5的时候,Cd2最大吸附量达到434.67 mg/g,pb2+最大吸附量达到524.27 mg/g.pH和吸附剂量保持不变,随着底物浓度增加吸附量也增加;电镜扫描图和红外光谱图表明,该材料能很好地吸附重金属离子.