排污权交易中污染源排污核算技术方法的分析

从实际操作层面出发,总结和分析污染源排污核算现状和存在的问题,提出适合排污权交易的污染源排污核算方法体系,力求准确掌握污染源排污情况和监控排污权使用情况,为科学建立排污权交易制度、维护公平和公正的排污权交易秩序、有效推进各项环境经济政策提供技术支撑.     

矿区土壤中重金属元素含量异常的调查

对某金矿区下游土壤重金属元素含量异常区进行了调查,研究了异常元素的空间分布和相态组成.通过对土壤、水、农产品、大气沉降物等的采样分析表明,土壤中重金属元素含量异常是由于矿山开采,废水排放,下游引水灌溉造成的.对异常元素的环境影响进行了分析评价,并提出了土壤治理建议.     

粉尘颗粒在单纤维表面沉积的计算机模拟

采用随机模拟方法模拟研究了粉尘颗粒在单纤维表面上的沉积过程,Kuwabara流场用于计算粉尘颗粒运动的轨迹,模拟中考虑了粉尘颗粒的粒径分布和单纤维在气流作用下的扭曲行为对粉尘颗粒沉积的影响.模拟结果表明.粉尘颗粒在单纤维表面上的沉积形态与分布特征依赖于Stokes数、粉尘颗粒粒径分布和纤维扭曲程度;模拟获得的粉尘树枝结构与相关文献提供的实验结果相似.     

Mutagenicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenic risk assessment of indoor dust from three major cities around the Pearl River Delta

The mutagenicity and genotoxicity of workplace dust including commercial office, secondary school, shopping mall, hospital, electronics factory and manufacturing plant in Hong Kong and settled house dust from Hong Kong, Shenzhen and Guangzhou were measured. Results indicated that indoor dust contained both frameshift and base pair substitution mutagens. Dust from manufacturing plant showed highest mutagenic potency on TA98±S9 and TA100±S9 activation, whereas, electronics factory showed highest genotoxicity with and without S9 activation. TA100 (-S9) mutagenic potency was significantly correlated with genotoxicity expressed as SOSIP (-S9) of workplace dust (r(2)=0.37, p<0.01). The total PAHs concentration of settled house dust from PRD ranged from 1.63 to 29.2μg/g. Linear regression analyses indicated that the PAHs likely accounted for about 45% of the TA98 with S9 mutagenic activity of workplace dust. TA98 (-S9) mutagenicity (r(2)=0.27, p<0.05) and SOSIP (-S9) of house dust (r(2)=0.41, p<0.01) were both significantly correlated with the number of inhabitants in the house. To achieve a more accurate cancer risk assessment, the oral bioaccessibility of B(a)A, Chry, B(b+k)F, B(a)P, D(ah)A and I(cd)P in different dust ranging from 1.3% to 17% was taken into account. Risk assessments indicated that about 26% of house dust samples resulted in unacceptable cancer risk (>1×10(-6)) for preschool children.     

微山湖养殖湖区水体中多环芳烃的分布及来源

采用HPLC定量分析微山湖养殖湖区水体中16种优先控制PAHs的总量浓度范围在5348.8～12970.8ng/L之间,平均值为8671.5ng/L,处于中等偏高污染水平;养殖湖区水体中的多环芳烃主要来源于养殖船只的石油泄露及煤炭、木材与石油的不完全燃烧,PAHs的组成以2～3环为主。     

Real-time bias-adjusted O3 and PM2.5 air quality index forecasts and their performance evaluations over the continental United States

The National Air Quality Forecast Capacity (NAQFC) system, which links NOAA’s North American Mesoscale (NAM) meteorological model with EPA’s Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, provided operational ozone (O₃) and experimental fine particular matter (PM_2.5) forecasts over the continental United States (CONUS) during 2008. This paper describes the implementation of a real-time Kalman Filter (KF) bias-adjustment technique to improve the accuracy of O₃ and PM_2.5 forecasts at discrete monitoring locations. The operational surface-level O₃ and PM_2.5 forecasts from the NAQFC system were post-processed by the KF bias-adjusted technique using near real-time hourly O₃ and PM_2.5 observations obtained from EPA’s AIRNow measurement network. The KF bias-adjusted forecasts were created daily, providing 24-h hourly bias-adjusted forecasts for O₃ and PM_2.5 at all AIRNow monitoring sites within the CONUS domain. The bias-adjustment post-processing implemented in this study requires minimal computational cost; requiring less than 10 min of CPU on a single processor Linux machine to generate 24-h hourly bias-adjusted forecasts over the entire CONUS domain.The results show that the real-time KF bias-adjusted forecasts for both O₃ and PM_2.5 have performed as well as or even better than the previous studies when the same technique was applied to the historical O₃ and PM_2.5 time series from archived AQF in earlier years. Compared to the raw forecasts, the KF forecasts displayed significant improvement in the daily maximum 8-h O₃ and daily mean PM_2.5 forecasts in terms of both discrete (i.e., reduced errors, increased correlation coefficients, and index of agreement) and categorical (increased hit rate and decreased false alarm ratio) evaluation metrics at almost all locations during the study period in 2008.     

中空纤维膜生物反应器处理二甲苯废气

采用中空纤维膜生物反应器(HFMB)去除气态二甲苯,研究比较了不同进口浓度、停留时间以及悬浮液中生物量对二甲苯净化效果的影响。实验结果表明:随着进口浓度的增加二甲苯净化效率先升高后平稳,生化降解能力(EC)则明显升高;随着停留时间的增加,二甲苯的净化效率明显增加。实验发现最佳的实验条件是:悬浮液循环速率50 L/h,pH值介于6.5到7.5之间,溶解氧6 mg/L左右,停留时间tR=8.8 s;二甲苯的处理效率可达到92%以上。结果还显示二甲苯净化效率随悬浮液循环流速的变化而波动不大,进口二甲苯的组成对净化效率也有一定的影响。与传统的生物法相比,膜生物反应器可以实现气相和液相的分离以及减少占地面积,具有很好的发展前景。     

Influence of ship emissions on ozone concentrations around coastal areas during summer season

The influence of ship emissions on ozone (O₃) concentrations in a coastal area (CA) including Busan port, Korea was examined based on a numerical modeling approach during a high O₃ episode. The analysis was performed by two sets of simulation scenarios: (1) with ship emissions (e.g., TOTAL case) and (2) without ship emissions (e.g., BASE case). A process analysis (PA) (the integrated processes rate (IPR) and integrated reaction rate (IRR) analyses) was used to evaluate the relative contributions of individual physical and chemical processes in O₃ production in and around the CA (e.g., sites of Dong Sam (DS) and Dae Yeon (DY)). The model study suggested the possibility that pollutant gases emitted from the ships traversing Busan port can exert a direct impact on the O₃ concentration levels in the CA. Largest impacts of ship emissions on the O₃ concentrations were predicted at the coast (up to 15 ppb) and at inland locations (about 5 ppb) due to both the photochemical production of pollutant gases emitted from the ships and meteorological conditions. From the PA, the photochemical production of O₃ (P(O₃)) due to ship emissions in the CA was found to increase by a mean of 1.5 ppb h^?1 (especially by ≥10 ppb h^?1 at the DS site) during the day.     

中药制药过程的职业危害与控制措施

建国以来,我国中药制药生产技术发生了巨大的变化,经历了上个世纪六七十年代的中药生产“机械化”、八十年代的中药制药“工业化”和九十年代提出的以“现代化”为目标的三个阶段。目前中药行业正处于传统工艺与现代技术相结合的新发展阶段,制药工艺复杂,制药工序中潜在的职业危害因素较多。本文通过分析常见的中药制药过程,找出其中可能产生职业危害的工序、环节,并提出了相应的控制措施,以期达到降低或消除制药行业作业职业危害的目的。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bulk PM2.5 and size-segregated aerosol particle samples measured in an urban environment

To analyze polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at an urban site in Seoul, South Korea, 24-hr ambient air PM_2.5 samples were collected during five intensive sampling periods between November 1998 and December 1999. To determine the PAH size distribution, 3-day size-segregated aerosol samples were also collected in December 1999. Concentrations of the 16 PAHs in the PM_2.5 particles ranged from 3.9 to 119.9 ng m⁻³ with a mean of 24.3 ng m⁻³.An exceptionally high concentration of PAHs(∼120 ng m⁻³) observed during a haze event in December 1999 was likely influenced more by diesel vehicle exhaust than by gasoline exhaust, as well as air stagnation, as evidenced by the low carbon monoxide/elemental carbon (CO/EC) ratio of 205 found in this study and results reported by previous studies. The total PAHs associated with the size-segregated particles showed unimodal distributions. Compared to the unimodal size distributions of PAHs with modal peaks at < 0.12 μm measured in highway tunnels in Los Angeles (Venkataraman and Friedlander, 1994), four- to six-ring PAHs in our study had unimodal size distributions, peaking at the larger size range of 0.28–0.53 μm, suggesting the coagulation of freshly emitted ultrafine particles during transport to the sampling site. Further, the fraction of PAHs associated with coarse particles(> 1.8 μm) increased as the molecular weight of the PAHs decreased due to volatilization of fine particles followed by condensation onto coarse particles.