西宁盐碱地区高速公路植被恢复技术探讨

西宁至马场垣高速公路穿越的地区属于生态脆弱带。与其他生态脆弱区不同的是，其土壤中盐分的含量非常高，土壤碱性强，它不仅导致植物的生理干旱，还对植物细胞产生毒害作用，不良的植被恢复措施也加重其危害程度。为减轻盐碱的危害需要采取相应的措施如筛选适宜植物、农业灌溉、化学及其它措施，可以减轻危害恢复植被。     

Assessment of popular techniques for co-processing municipal solid waste in Chinese cement kilns

• Municipal solid waste (MSW) was fermented, screened, gasified, then co-processed. • Co-processing MSW in cement kilns could cause excessive pollutant emissions. • Bypass flue gas can be disposed of through the main flue system. • Popular MSW co-processing methods do not affect cement quality. Cement kiln co-processing techniques have been developed in the past 20 years in China, and more than 60 factories now use fermentation, screening, and gasification pre-treatment techniques to co-process municipal solid waste (MSW). There three complete MSW pre-treatment techniques, co-processing procedures, and environmental risk assessments have been described in few publications. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of each technique. The results suggested that the pollutant content released by each pre-treatment technology was lower than the emission standard. To reveal the mechanisms of pollutant migration and enrichment, the substances in the kiln and kiln products are investigated. The input of co-processing materials (Co-M) produced by fermentation caused formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofuran (PCDD/Fs) in the bypass flue gas (By-gas) in excess of the regulatory standard. The Co-M input produced by the screening and gasifier technologies caused the total organic carbon (TOC) concentration to exceed the standard. In addition, the NO_x, TOC, and PCDD/Fs in the By-gas exceeded the regulatory standard. Raw meal was the primary chlorine and heavy metals input stream, and clinker (CK) and cement kiln dust (CKD) accounted for>90% of the total chlorine output stream. Flue gas and CKD were the primary volatile heavy metal (Hg) output streams. Greater than 70% of the semi-volatile heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Tl and Se) distributed in hot raw meal and bypass cement kiln dust. The low-volatility heavy metals were concentrated in the CK. These results indicated that co-processing techniques used in China still require improvement.     

毒性有机物BPA与普通小球藻的相互影响特性研究

考察了不同浓度双酚A(BPA)对普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)生长特性的影响,以及普通小球藻生长过程对BPA的去除效能.研究表明,低浓度BPA(0~20 mg·L-1)对普通小球藻生长具有促进作用,而高浓度BPA(20~50 mg·L-1)对普通小球藻生长具有抑制作用,且抑制效应与BPA浓度呈正相关关系.低剂量BPA(<20 mg·L-1)对叶绿素含量并无明显的影响,高剂量BPA(>20 mg·L-1)造成叶绿素含量降低.在BPA初始浓度2~50 mg·L-1的范围内,普通小球藻对其都有一定的去除效能,单位普通小球藻对BPA去除速率与其初始浓度呈正相关关系.BPA投加量为50 mg·L-1时,BPA去除速率最大,且最大速率出现于延滞期与对数期之间.     

不同光波长对类石墨相氮化碳催化降解莫西沙星的机理探究

使用一种简单煅烧三聚氰胺的方法制备了类石墨相氮化碳(g-C_3N_4),研究了不同光波长对g-C_3N_4催化降解盐酸莫西沙星的影响.通过高分辨透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)对材料的形貌、晶型、元素组成进行表征,证实了g-C_3N_4的成功合成.此外,通过XPS-价带谱和紫外可见漫反射(UV-DRS)图谱得到所合成g-C_3N_4的带隙(E_g=2.81 eV)和价带(E_(VB)=2.49 eV).通过不同光波长(包括365、385、420、450、485、520、595、630 nm及可见光)下g-C_3N_4对莫西沙星的降解速率来评估光催化性能.结果表明,g-C_3N_4的光催化活性依赖于辐照波长,也即速率常数(k_1)随光波长的增大而降低.活性氧(ROS)淬灭实验表明,超氧自由基(·O~-_2)在莫西沙星的光催化降解中起主导作用.     

Interactions between lead(II) ions and dissolved organic matter derived from organic fertilizers incubated in the field

This work was to study composition characteristics and the subsequent effect on the lead (Pb) binding properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from seaweed-based (SWOF) and chicken manure organic fertilizers (CMOF) during a one-year field incubation experiment using the excitation-emission matrix-parallel factor (EEM-PARAFAC) and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) analysis. Results showed that high aromatic and hydrophobic fluorescent substances were enriched in CMOF-derived DOM and SWOF-derived DOM and enhanced over time. And phenolic groups in the fulvic-like substances for SWOF-derived DOM and carboxyl groups in the humic-like substances for CMOF-derived DOM had the fastest responses over time, respectively. Moreover, both non-fluorescent polysaccharides and fluorescent humic-like substances or fulvic-like substances with aromatic (C=C) groups first participated in the binding process of Pb to SWOF-derived DOM on day 0 and 180 during the lead binding process. In contrast, humic-like substances associated with aromatic (C=C) and phenolic groups gave a faster response to Pb binding on day 360. Regarding CMOF-derived DOM, the fulvic-like substances associated with aromatic (C=C) and carboxylic groups displayed a faster response to Pb ions on day 0. Nonetheless, polysaccharides and humic-like associated with phenolic groups had a faster response on days 180 and 360. It is noteworthy that the polysaccharides, which participated in Pb binding to CMOF-derived DOM, posed a higher risk of Pb in the environment after 360 days. Therefore, these findings gave new insights into the long-term applications of commercial organic fertilizers for the amendment of soil.     

Lessons after Bhopal: CSB a catalyst for change

The Bhopal tragedy was a defining moment in the history of the chemical industry. On December 3, 1984, a runaway reaction within a methyl isocyanate storage tank at the Union Carbide India Limited pesticide plant released a toxic gas cloud that killed thousands and injured hundreds of thousands. After Bhopal, industrial chemical plants became a major public concern. Both the public and the chemical industry realized the necessity of improving chemical process safety.

Bhopal served as a wake-up call. To prevent the same event from occurring in the United States, many legislative and industrial changes were invoked—one of which was formation of the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB). The ultimate goal of CSB is to use the lessons learned and recommendations from its investigations to achieve positive change within the chemical industry—preventing incidents and saving lives.

Although it seems clear that the lessons learned at Bhopal have improved chemical plant safety, CSB investigations indicate that the systemic problems identified at Bhopal remain the underlying causes of many incidents. These include:

• Lack of awareness of reactive hazards.

• Lack of management of change.

• Inadequate plant design and maintenance.

• Ineffective employee training.

• Ineffective emergency preparedness and community notification.

• Lack of root cause incident investigations and communication of lessons learned.

The aim of this paper is to present common themes from recent cases investigated by CSB and to discuss how these issues might be best addressed in the future.

This paper has not been independently approved by the Board and is published for general informational purposes only. Any material in the paper that did not originate in a Board-approved report is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not represent an official finding, conclusion, or position of the Board.     

西江年最高水位的神经网络预报模型

对西江洪水发生的特征进行分析表明，洪水发生频率高，具有明显阶段性特征，并与流域面雨量密切相关。利用前期环流场、海表温度（SST）场及环流特征量资料选择初选预报因子，然后对初选预报因子作EOF分解构造综合预报因子，结合人工神经网络方法建立了西江年最高水位预报模型，并对预报模型进行独立样本试验。结果表明，该预报模型对历史样本拟合精度高，试报效果明显好于传统的逐步回归模型，可在汛期预测业务中应用。     

超声波辅助提取杜仲籽油的工艺优化

以杜仲籽为原料,应用超声波辅助法提取杜仲籽油.在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定了超声波辅助提取杜仲籽油的较佳工艺条件.结果表明,杜仲籽油的较佳提取工艺条件为料液比12ml/g,提取温度50℃,提取时间15min,超声波功率225W,在该条件下杜仲籽油得率27.24%.     

新疆油田稠油开发固体废物对环境的影响及处置措施

新疆油田九1～九5区稠油开发过程中,产生了大量的固体废物,主要包括落地原油、废钻井液和岩屑及原油处理站的含油泥砂,如果处理不当,会对环境造成极大的危害。通过对各主要污染物的环境影响分析,提出了几种针对性的防治措施,以确保油田开发实现清洁生产,达到经济效益、环境效益和社会效益统一。