Biological detection and analysis of mercury toxicity to alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants

Mercury has become one of the major causes of toxic metal pollution in agricultural lands. Accumulation of mercury by plants may disrupt many cellular functions and block growth and development. To assess mercury toxicity, we performed an experiment focusing on the responses of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) to Hg(2+)-induced oxidative stress. Alfalfa plants were treated with 0-40microM HgCl(2) for 7d. The concentrations of Hg(2+) were positively correlated with the generation of O2- and H(2)O(2) in leaves. Treatment with Hg(2+) increased the activities of NADH oxidase and lipoxygenase (LOX) and damaged the biomembrane lipids. To understand biochemical responses under Hg stress, activities of several antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) were assayed. Analysis of SOD activity by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed five isoforms in leaves, but they showed different patterns. Also, eight isoenzymes of APX and seven of POD in leaves were detected. However, only one isoform of CAT was visualized. The total activities of APX, POD and CAT were generally enhanced. We also measured several antioxidative metabolites such as ascorbate and glutathione (GSH), and found that both differentially accumulated in leaves. These results indicate that the increased levels of O2- and H(2)O(2) under Hg stress were closely linked to the improved capacity of antioxidant enzymes. The data not only provide the important information for better understanding of the toxic and tolerance mechanisms, but as well can be used as a bio-indicator for soil contamination by Hg.     

The influence of iron and sulfur mineral fractions on carbon tetrachloride transformation in model anaerobic soils and sediments

The objective of this research was to identify the dissolved species or solid phase mineral fraction(s) best correlated with rates of carbon tetrachloride (CT) reductive transformation in systems modeling sulfate-reducing and iron oxide-rich soils and sediments. We used sulfide (S(-II))-treated goethite as our model system, but also studied Fe(II) and S(-II)-treated goethite, Fe(II)-treated goethite, pure FeS, and Fe(II)-treated FeS in order to isolate and evaluate the influence of different mineral fractions on reaction rates. Initial rates of CT transformation were measured for different pH values and concentrations of added Fe(II), as well as different aging times and conditions. The following dissolved species and iron and sulfur mineral fractions were quantified and compared with CT transformation rates: aqueous Fe(2+) and S(-II), surface associated Fe(II) (including weakly and strongly bound Fe(II)), FeS(s), and Cr(II) reducible solid phase S. Over the pH range of 6-10, CT transformation rates were correlated with surface associated Fe(II), while at pH 8, rates were correlated with weakly bound Fe(II). Aging of S(-II)-treated goethite led to oxidation of surface sulfur and a change in the concentration of weakly bound Fe(II), but did not change the relationship between initial rates and weakly bound Fe(II). The results of this research suggest that surface associated Fe(II) and weakly bound Fe(II) could serve as indicators of the potential for abiotic CT dechlorination in natural soils under sulfate-reducing conditions.     

潜流人工湿地污染河水处理系统中的填料堵塞问题研究

利用潜流人工湿地系统处理污染河水,水力负荷为0.15 m3/(m2·d).研究了该系统长期运行过程中的填料堵塞问题及其对污染物去除率的影响.构建了潜流人工湿地污染河水处理中试系统,在运行两年后,潜流人工湿地填料存在一定的堵塞现象,填料孔隙率最大减少了2.67%.填料孔隙堵塞现象主要发生在该中试系统的前段(沿水流方向距进水点0～5 m),其填料堵塞物质主要为无机颗粒物.植物对填料堵塞问题的改善作用并不显著.填料的部分堵塞对该中试系统中污染物的去除率有一定的影响,运行第2年氨氮的去除率略有降低,而COD的去除率有增加的趋势.     

低瓦斯综采放顶煤工作面通风除尘的研究

通过对低瓦斯综采放顶煤工作面的研究,选择了合理的通风方式和最优排风速和,即有利于工作面降温,保证了工作面安全生产.     

注水泥塞清洁生产工艺研究与现场应用

在油田井下作业过程中,常对油井的高含水层或报废井实施封堵,这种传统的施工工艺存在一些不足之处。引入清洁生产理念,提出了用钢丝绳将水泥浆送入井筒中预定位置的施工工艺,即无管柱注水泥塞工艺。该工艺不需要水泥车等特种车辆的配合,不会发生井下开关操作失误造成的事故,比传统注灰工艺节约作业周期3/4以上。另外,该工艺从源头上实施了清洁生产措施,操作简单,经济效益较高,在油田修井作业系统有推广价值。     

我国工业企业安全卫生防护距离标准研制的探讨

运用风险评价理论,结合煤制气厂、礼花厂安全防护距离标准的制订,探索我国生产中含有易燃及剧毒物质的工业企业的安全卫生防护距离标准的制订的原则、内容和方法。     

吸附法净化低浓度废气实验研究

本文探讨了用活性炭吸附低浓度苯类废气时,空塔气速和气流在吸附层的接触时间对吸附过程的影响;研究了活性炭在已经吸附若干质量的苯类物质以后的吸附性能.据此绘制了空塔气建-吸附效率和活性炭含苯率-吸附效率等关系曲线,并进行了活性炭再生的研究.研究表明:使用活性炭可以有效地净化低浓度苯类废气.     

城市生活垃圾渗透系数测试研究

采用常水头测渗实验,对不同压实密度和水力梯度下的新鲜垃圾与陈垃圾的渗透系数进行测试,根据达西定律求得渗透系数值。由于垃圾的不均匀性、小颗粒的运动和大孔隙沟道流的形成和改变,实验初始阶段渗透系数值先增大至峰值,然后缓慢降低直至趋于稳定。实验稳定后,新鲜垃圾压实密度为0.75~0.95 t/m3时,渗透系数值约为1.26E-03~1.43E-03 cm/s。陈垃圾在压实密度分别为1.2和1.4 t/m3时,渗透系数为8.29E-04和1.35E-04 cm/s。     

Growth and reproduction effects and transgenerational effects of nonylphenol in Moina mongolica Daday (Crustacea: Cladocera)

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - An experimental ecology method was used to study the acute toxicity of nonylphenol (NP) and the effects of NP on growth, reproduction, and population...     

羽叶金合欢对污泥厌氧消化与氮磷释放的影响

探讨了羽叶金合欢(Acacia pennata)的枝和叶对污泥厌氧消化以及氮磷释放的影响。研究结果表明,添加合欢枝叶都会减少污泥的产气量,产气量由大到小顺序是污泥>枝+泥>叶+泥;添加合欢枝会减少污泥厌氧消化系统中挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)的含量,尤其是乙酸含量;而添加合欢叶会增加VFAs的含量,并产生乙酸和丙酸抑制;DGGE图谱及测序结果显示,加入合欢叶会增加乳杆菌属的细菌量,当系统稳定时,各组中的产甲烷菌类型相近;添加合欢枝叶均会减少NH+4-N的含量,且促进合欢枝叶中磷的释放。